Austrovenus stutchburyi

The cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi from New Zealand contained brevetoxin Bi (225) [230] and the greenshell mussel, Pema canaliculus contained brevetoxin B3 (226) [231]. A further brevetoxin analogue, brevetoxin B2 (227) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculus [232], while the major toxin in neurological shellfish poisoning (NSP) associated with P. canaliculus was identified as brevetoxin B4 (228) [233]. 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Totoribe, K., Muramatsu, N., Nukaya, H., Tsuji, K., Yamaguchi, K., Yasumoto, T, Kaspar, H., Berkett, N., Kosuge, T. 1995. Brevetoxin-B-1, a new polyether marine toxin from the New Zealand shellfish, Austrovenus stutchburyi. Tetrahedron Letters 36, 725-728. 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Nukaya, H., Rhodes, L., McNabb, P, Holland, PT, Tsuji, K. 2004a. Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, and greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, associated with New Zealand neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, by controlled exposure to Karenia brevis culture. Toxicon 43, 701-712. 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Hamano, H., Naoki, H., Fujita, T., Kaspar, H.F., and Tsuji, K. Brevetoxin B5, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi in New Zealand, the marker for monitoring shellfish neurotoxicity, Tet. Lett., 45, 29-33, 2004a. 

Ishida, H., et al., Brevetoxin Bl, a poly ether marine toxin from the New Zealand sheMtsh Austrovenus stutchburyi. Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 725-728, 1995. 

Ishida, H., et al.. Comparative concentrations of brevetoxins PbTx-2, PbTx-3, BTX-B1 and BTX-B5 in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, greenshell mussel, Pema canaliculus, and Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand, Toxicon, 43, 779-789, 2004. 

This first sulfur-containing brevetoxin was isolated from a New Zealand mollusk, Austrovenus stutchburyi, but it is very likely that its real origin is a dinoflagellate ingested by the animal, with or without later modification by the mollusk. 

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