Grain sorghum starches production

The chapter on com and sorghum starch production not only thoroughly covers advances in understanding and in carrying out the wet-milling process, but also alternative com kernel fractionation techniques, the relationship of starch production to other products from com grain and future directions. 

Most current commercial ethanol production is from the fermentation of sugar and starch crops. Yeast can rapidly convert sucrose to ethanol with a theoretical carbon conversion of 67%. The production of ethanol from corn grew to about 1.9 billion gallons in 2001. This accounted for 90% of the total ethanol production and an estimated 615 million bushels of corn (6.2% of total corn produced) were consumed. The remaining 10% of ethanol production was by fermentation of grain sorghum, barley, wheat, cheese whey, and potatoes. 

The use of starch for the preparation of glucose syrups has led to a commercial success in the industrial production of this material [132], However, starch is chemically converted to dextrin or dextrose syrups. Crystalline dextrose (glucose) is the major product of the starch conversion industry from com, milo-maize, grain sorghum, and other vegetable starches with acid under pressure and at high temperature [133], Starch hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction and depending upon the... 

Processes and products developed to produce industrial materials from renewable resources have been too numerous to record here. For competitive reasons — supply of raw materials and technical and economic considerations — some of the products have varied widely in industrial use. Major U.S. industrial consumption of renewable resources have recently included oils and fats (animal and vegetable) industrial alcohol (wheat, corn, grain sorghum) fibers (cotton lint, flax, hides and skins) paper (forest products) isolated proteins (milk casein, animal glues, soybean, corn) turpentine and rosin (naval stores) and other chemicals (monosodiiim glutamate--wheat starch and dextrin—corn lactose—milk molasses and pulp residues --sugarcane and beet tannin lecithin pectin furfural). 

Molasses is the thick brownish syrup by-product of the manufacture of cane or beet sugar from which part of the crystallizable sugar has been removed. However, molasses is also the by-product of several other industries. Citrus molasses is produced from the juice of citrus wastes. Wood molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of paper, fiber-board, and pure cellulose from wood it is an extract from the more soluble carbohydrates and minerals of the wood material. Starch molasses, Hydrol, is a by-product of the manufacture of dextrose (glucose) from starch derived from corn or grain sorghums in which the starch is hydrolyzed by use of enzymes and/or acid. Cane molasses and beet molasses are, by far, the most extensively used types of molasses. The different types of molasses are available in both liquid and dehydrated forms. 

Plastics can be made from LA instead of making them from conventional petroleum products. LA, which is produced via starch fermentation or as a coproduct of com wet milling (PLA), can also be manufactured by using the starch from food wastes, cheese, whey, fmiL or grain sorghum. 

Other extenders of proteinaceous-amylaceous products such as flour from wheat, soy, rye and milo-sorghum grains are used. One of the most highly regarded protein-starch extenders is the endosperm of selected soft winter wheats. About 25,000 tons of proteinaceous-amylaceous products are used each year in phenolic mixes for softwood plywood. Perhaps an equal quantity is consumed by the hardwood plywood industry. 

Food Starch, Modified, usually occurs as white or nearly white powders as intact granules and if pregelatinized (that is, subjected to heat treatment in the presence of water), as flakes, amorphous powders, or coarse particles. Modified food starches are products of the treatment of any of several grain-or root-based native starches (for example, com, sorghum, wheat, potato, tapioca, and sago), with small amounts of certain chemical agents, which modify the physical characteristics of the native starches to produce desirable properties. 

These fibers include mainly wheat straw and rice straw. Grains used in abrasive products include corn, wheat, sorghum, rice, oats, barley, soy meal, and puffed starch beads. The films and coatings so manufactured are generally flushable in conventional toilets. 

Starch, as is it known, is the most widespread material of plants. Starch is formed in leaves of plants as a result of photosynthesis and is postponed in roots, tubers and seeds as grains. In industrial conditions starch is received from potato and com. Starch of wheat, rice, sorghum and other plants has less industrial value. The production technology of starch depends on the kind of raw material and the purposes for which the starch is made. 

When grains such as corn, sorghum, and wheat are used as sources of starch, a number of important by-products are obtained, including steep water, corn oil, gluten, and hulls. Most of these products are used as ingredients in mixed feeds, but corn oil is used widely as a food product. By-products from the other commercial sources of starch are not so important as those from grains, but they usually find their way into feeds if they are salvaged. 

---