Governments investment

Proximity of site to export markets Availability of United States government investment insurance... 

III.b.1.12. Sufficient government expenditure to ensure availability of medicines and staff Lack of essential medicines leads to the use of non-essential medicines, and lack of appropriately trained personnel leads to irrational prescribing by untrained personnel. Furthermore, without sufficient competent personnel and finances, it is impossible to carry out any of the core components of a national programme to promote rational use of medicines. Poor clinical outcome, needless suffering and economic waste are sufficient reasons for large government investment. 

Annual government investment on research and development is approximately C 20 million. 

Annual government investment in fuel cell R D projects is approximately 18 million. 

The total investment expenditures incurred at a site have to be calculated in two steps. Equation (3.10) calculates the investments per plant. These are aggregated to the site level and adjusted for government investment incentives, defined as percentage of total investments, in equation (3.11). Investment expenditures are allocated to the time period preceding the commissioning of the technical capacity. A non-negativity constraint (3.54) ensures that plant/production line shutdowns do not lead to negative investment expenditures. 

The Flexner Reports paved the way for a more scientifically sound, empirically based allopathic branch of medicine to become the basis by which health care was practiced and organized. The federal government invested significant funds to expand the quantity and quality of health care services. The Hospital... 

Social Benefits from Government Investment in Hydrogen... 

During times of shrinking nondefense federal research dollars, the motivations for partnering become more complex, driven at times by a desire simply to survive. In the field of catalysis, this drive for survival is especially keen. Federal spending on catalysis research has decreased consistently for many years. International government investment in catalysis research has made the global market for Indus-... 

Private employers, the federal government, and state and local governments invest significant financial resources in health care purchasing expenditures. In 1995, private employers contributed 183.8 billion to private health insurance premiums, whereas the federal government spent 11.3 billion on private health insurance premiums, and state and local government spent 47.1 billion. " In 1995, more than 83% of the insured population was covered by private insurance, whereas about 31% was enrolled in a public program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. 

National treasury Treasury (50%), Municipal (25%), Prefecture (25%) Employers, wage earners, auto licensing fees, government, investment income... 

From an EPRI or DOE investment viewpoint, R D expenditures can be justified in many cases where a manufacturer would not invest because the ROI calculated by EPRI or DOE is greater. EPRI s or DOE S more favorable ROI may result from two factors i.e. no payment for commercialization costs, and/or the fact that all the benefits and hence income to utilities or society accrue to EPRI or DOE while only a fractional market capture accrue to the competitive manufacturer. Thus with a better ROI, EPRI or DOE has more motive to pay for R D than the manufacturer even if cost of money were the same to both. In addition money may be less costly to EPRI or DOE than it is to the manufacturer hence a lower discount can be used for cash flow and longer time between investment and payoff can be acceptable. Such financial factors can explain to some extent logic which makes government investment in fusion R D tenable, while a manufacturer could not endure the decades of negative cash flow before a profit is even possible. 

The existence of these uncertainties or risks may cause the business or government executive to incorrectly estimate expected costs and the likelihood of technical success. Given the inability to correctly or objectively assess risk-uncertainty and hence expected costs, the risk-averse investor might be expected to undertake less R D than otherwise for a fixed level of benefits likely to flow from a successful innovation. Thus, in the absence of government Investment, there may be under-investment in areas of high technological risk—particularly where the costs of R D are high and the resources of private companies are limited. 

The Department of Commerce prefers to create special industries to represent the nonindustry sectors of individual households, government, investment, and export. For an economy with n special industries, the use table is shown as Table 4.3 and the GNP equation is Eq. (4.7). 

Monopolized salt production and supply network by major government investment to improve the production capacity and quality of salt and recentralize the production, transportation and marketing of iodized salt. 

On December 28, 1942, President Roosevelt approved the establislunent of what ultimately became a government investment in excess of 2 billion,. 5 billion of which was itemized in Bush s report submitted on December 16. The Manhattan Project was authorized to build fiiU-scale gaseous diffusion and plutonium plants and the compromise electromagnetic plant, as well as heavy water production facilities. In his report. Bush reaffirmed his belief that bombs possibly could be produced during the first half of 1945 but cautioned that an earlier... 

Nevertheless, the Montreal lab soldiered on. Its choice of heavy water as a moderator continued to make its work a viable alternative line of atomic research. By January 1944, work had advanced to the point that the next logical step was construction of a reactor that would test its design principles. This marked a watershed. To this point the Canadian governments investment in atomic R D been relatively modest. Now it was being asked to spend 50 million on a reactor and to underwrite a much more elaborate research establishment. Mackenzie reported to Minister of Munitions and... 

Many of the advances required for development of practical alternatives to today s chemicals and chemical processes are fundamental and pre-competitive. The economic incentives for industrial funding are frequently absent, which leads to the need for either a government investment in research or government-provided financial incentives for industrial investments. Inherently safer chemistry, such as process intensification, just-in-time chemical manufacturing, and the use of smaller-scale processes, offers the potential for improved safety at chemical facilities. While applications show promise and have found use within the chemical industry, these applications at present are stiU quite limited in scope. 

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