Glycosaminoglycans hyaluronidase

The space-filling character of glycosaminoglycans appears to be important in morphogenesis, particularly in the development of the skeleton. During these developmental processes, the presence of hyaluronan appears to facilitate the migration of cells. This effect is stopped by the removal of hyaluronan by hyaluronidase and by its replacement with aggregating proteoglycans. 

Saitoh H, Takagaki K, Majima M, Nakamura T, Matsuki A, Kasai M, Narita H, Endo M. Enzymic reconstruction of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide chains using the transglycosyla-tion reaction of bovine testicular hyaluronidase. J. Biol. Chem. 1995 270 3741-3747. 

An examination of the effects of chronic and acute loss of glycosaminoglycans caused by Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC from the aqueous outflow pathway on the intraocular pressure and outflow facility in monkey eyes revealed that the intraocular pressure and outflow facility remained unchanged following acute and chronic intracameral chondroitinase ABC and hyaluronidase treatment in monkeys (18). However, the anterior chambers in dogs with normotensive and glaucomatous eyes treated with bovine testicular... 

Therapeutic attempts in cases of genetic hyperglycosaminoglycanmia have been summarized (V2 see also Section 7.6.6). Infusion of naturally occurring corrective factors (D29) and use of hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.35) (D22) for the excessive glycosaminoglycan excretion may hold some promise, although treatment by cell infusion, e.g., leukocyte infusion (K33), while giving some improvement has been very unsuccessful. 

Some years ago the hypothesis was advanced that all forms of cell proliferation depend upon one fundamental interaction between the cell and its immediate environment [5]. The hypothesis may be stated as follows All cells in the body are embedded in a highly viscous environment of ground substance that physically restrains their inherent tendency to proliferate proliferation is initiated by release of hyaluronidase from the cells, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosaminoglycans in the immediate environment and allows the cells freedom to divide and to migrate within the limits of the alteration proliferation continues as long as hyaluronidase is being released, and stops when the production of hyaluronidase stops or when the hyaluronidase is inhibited, and the environment is allowed to revert to its normal restraining state. 

Enzymes known as hyaluronidases are widely distributed in animal tissues and, in several cases, have been shown to have acid pH optima and to be localized in the lysosomes. Experiments carried out in vitro have, in fact, shown the lysosomes to contain a full complement of the enzymes needed to convert hyaluronic acid and the sulphated glycosaminoglycans to... 

Many functional properties of glycosaminoglycans manifest themselves in the ability of glycosaminoglycans to suppress the activity of enzymes that participate in the destruction of the connective tissue s cellular matrix. They suppress activity of hyaluronidase and granulocytes... 

Occurrence, Isolation, and Structure.—Acid glycosaminoglycans in human platelets and leucocytes have been identified by using chondroitinase and Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The principal components are the chondroitin sulphates, with smaller amounts of hyaluronic acid, whereas heparan sulphate occurs only in leucocytes, possibly as a membrane component. Normal human kidney contains mainly hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate, with smaller proportions of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphates and an over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. A family of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulphates possessing different degrees of sulphation has been identified in the nuclei of cultured mouse melanoma cells a minor component appears to be heparan sulphate. ... 

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