Carboxylic acids glycols

Preparation of inclusion complex of polyethylene glycol-carboxylic acid and a-cyclodextrin... 

Unsaturated polyesters having hydroxyl groups can be prepared by the reaction of glycols, maleic anhydride and dicarboxylic acids in more than the stoichiometric amount of glycols/carboxylic acids (13, 34). Edwards discussed the application of isophthalic unsaturated polyester urethane hybrids in conventional molding techniques (13). He also applied the hybrids to foamed products (21). Vinyl esters can be prepared by the reaction of bisphenol A with glycidyl methacrylate (21). 

In protic solvents, the cathodic process may be the reduction of the protons as in the case of mineral acids. Typical protic solvents are compounds containing -OH, -SH, =NH, and sometimes =CH groups belonging to alcohols, glycols, carboxylic acids, amines, and amides. 

Potassium hydroxide/ethylene glycol Carboxylic acids from aldoximes CH NOH -j... 

Sodium hydroxide/ethylene glycol Carboxylic acid esters from carboxylic acids and halides... 

An aluminum-zirconium organic metal complex coupling agent with the brand name of Cavedon Mod is one new type of coupling agent developed by American Cavedon chemical companies in the early 1980s. It was synthesized from zirconium oxychloride, chlorohydrin aluminum hydrate, propylene glycol, carboxylic acid, and so forth. Its molecular structure is shown below. 

HBD molecules water, primary alcohols, glycols, carboxylic acids, with nonprimary alcohols, aniline, and perhaps chloroform (weak HBDs) forming subclass 3a, and phenols (strong HBDs), 3b. 

Potassium hydroxide/ethylene glycol Carboxylic acids... 

Clearly, the slate of chemicals produced from coal-derived synthesis gas will expand as new technologies are developed, and supplies of petroleum and natural gas dwindle. The most likely such chemicals are those for which existing processes have been demonstrated but which presently lack economic merit. Relatively small improvements in technology, shifts in feedstock availability, capital costs, or political factors could enhance the viability of coal-based processes for the production of methanol, ethanol, and higher alcohols, vinyl acetate, ethylene glycol, carboxylic acids, and light olefins. 

Ester interchange reactions are valuable, since, say, methyl esters of di-carboxylic acids are often more soluble and easier to purify than the diacid itself. The methanol by-product is easily removed by evaporation. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) is an example of a polymer prepared by double application of reaction 4 in Table 5.3. The first stage of the reaction is conducted at temperatures below 200°C and involves the interchange of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol... 

A.ldehyde Syntheses. Aromatic (Ar) carboxylic acids are reduced to the corresponding aldehydes by a sequence of steps known as the McFadyen-Stevens reaction. The acid is converted to the hydrazide, derivatized with benzenesulfonylchloride, then decomposed to the aldehyde in hot glycol in the presence of a base ... 

In order to become useful dmg delivery devices, biodegradable polymers must be formable into desired shapes of appropriate size, have adequate dimensional stability and appropriate strength-loss characteristics, be completely biodegradable, and be sterilizahle (70). The polymers most often studied for biodegradable dmg delivery applications are carboxylic acid derivatives such as polyamides poly(a-hydroxy acids) such as poly(lactic acid) [26100-51-6] and poly(glycolic acid) [26124-68-5], cross-linked polyesters poly(orthoesters) poly anhydrides and poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates). The relative stabiUty of hydrolytically labile linkages ia these polymers (70) is as follows ... 

Bromophenol blue (3.0...4.6) aliphatic carboxylic acids [225 — 228] malonic and lactic acids [229] palmitic and lactic acids [230] malonic, glycolic, malic, citric, tartaric, ketoglutaric, galacturonic and oxalic acids [196] dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid [231] indoleacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid [232] palmitic acid, palmityl- and stearyllactic acid [223] benzoic, sorbic and salicylic acid [234] metabolites of ascorbic acid [235] chloropropionic acid [236] oligogalacturonic acids [237] amino acids, hydrocarbons, mono-, di- and triglycerides [238] xylobiose, xylose, glucose and derivatives [239] sugar alcohols [91] toxaphene [240]... 

Nickel peroxide is a solid, insoluble oxidant prepared by reaction of nickel (II) salts with hypochlorite or ozone in aqueous alkaline solution. This reagent when used in nonpolar medium is similar to, but more reactive than, activated manganese dioxide in selectively oxidizing allylic or acetylenic alcohols. It also reacts rapidly with amines, phenols, hydrazones and sulfides so that selective oxidation of allylic alcohols in the presence of these functionalities may not be possible. In basic media the oxidizing power of nickel peroxide is increased and saturated primary alcohols can be oxidized directly to carboxylic acids. In the presence of ammonia at —20°, primary allylic alcohols give amides while at elevated temperatures nitriles are formed. At elevated temperatures efficient cleavage of a-glycols, a-ketols... 

Desilylation of the major jjw-isomer, followed by oxidative cleavage with sodium metaperiodate, liberates the 3-hydroxy-2-methyl carboxylic acids. The immolative character of this method, i.e., the destruction of the chiral auxiliary reagent in the final glycol cleavage, is a drawback. 

Habid and Malek49 who studied the activity of metal derivatives in the catalyzed esterification of aromatic carboxylic acids with aliphatic glycols found a reaction order of 0.5 relative to the catalyst for Ti(OBu)4, tin(II) oxalate and lead(II) oxide. As we have already mentioned in connection with other examples, it appears that the activation enthalpies of the esterifications carried out in the presence of Ti, Sn and Pb derivatives are very close to those reported by Hartman et al.207,208 for the acid-catalyzed esterification of benzoic and substituted benzoic acids with cyclohexanol. These enthalpies also approach those reported by Matsuzaki and Mitani268 for the esterification of benzoic acids with 1,2-ethanediol in the absence of a catalyst. On the other hand, when activation entropies are considered, a difference exists between the esterification of benzoic acid with 1,2-ethanediol catalyzed by Ti, Sn and Pb derivatives and the non-catalyzed reaction268. Thus, activation enthalpies are nearly the same for metal ion-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions whereas the activation entropy of the metal ion-catalyzed reaction is much lower than that of the non-catalyzed reaction. 

Sorbitan esters of fatty acids are well known. Similar products can be made from ether carboxylic acids and sorbitol without an acid catalyst with a good color [39]. The advantage of these products is that the hydrophilicity can be adjusted by the polyethylene glycol content in the ether carboxylic acid. 

The mechanism of oxidation probably involves in most cases the initial formation of a glycol (15-35) or cyclic ester,and then further oxidation as in 19-7. In line with the electrophilic attack on the alkene, triple-bonds are more resistant to oxidation than double bonds. Terminal triple-bond compounds can be cleaved to carboxylic acids (RC=CHRCOOH) with thallium(III) nitrate or with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]pentafluorobenzene, that is, C6F5l(OCOCF3)2, among other reagents. 

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