Glutamate efflux

N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is an inhibitor of NOS L-NAME reportedly reduces the volume of cortical and striatal infarct after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. This protection can be reversed by co-injection of L-arginine. L-NAME also reduced the excitotoxic damage induced by NMDA injection. Finally, the authors showed that L-NAME reduced glutamate efflux produced by ischaemic injury in rats. The authors concluded that NOS induced by NMDA receptor overstimulation is a key event in the neuronal injury cascade (Buisson eta/., 1993). 

The effect of external pH on glutamate efflux has also been studied in both liver and kidney mitochondria [103,104]. External protons decrease the of efflux without altering the of matrix glutamate. If protons are viewed as preventing the... 

The transporter has much lower activity in kidney [66], but the kinetic patterns are similar to those observed with liver mitochondria. Prevention of glutamate efflux from mitochondria by H" in kidney tubular cells is probably a very important aspect of control of ammoniagenesis in kidney (c.f.. Section 6.4). 

Mitani, A., Andou, Y., Matsuda, S., Tatsura, A., Sakandara, M., and Kataoka, K., Origin of ischemia-induced glutamate efflux in the CA1 field of the gerbil hippocampus an in vivo brain microdialysis study, J. Neurochem., 63, 2152, 1994. 

Additionally, energy deficits lead to ionic imbalance, and excito-toxic glutamate efflux and buUd up of intracellular calcium. Downstream pathways ultimately include direct free radical damage to membrane lipids, cellular proteins, and DNA, as well as calcium-activated proteases, plus caspase cascades that dismantle a wide range of homeostatic, reparative, and cytoskeletal proteins (courtesy of DaLkara et al. 2003)... 

Bathe, B., Moeckel, B. et al. (2002) Expression of genes of lipid synthesis and altered lipid composition modulates L-glutamate efflux of Corynehacterium glutamicum. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol, 58, 89-96. 

Radmacher E, Stansen KC, Besra GS, Alderwick LJ, Maughan WN, HoUweg G, Sahm H, Wendisch VF, Eggeling L. (2005). Ethambutol, a cell wall inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, elicits L-glutamate efflux of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiology, 151,1359-1368. 

Becker, M, Borngen, K, Nomura, X, Battle, A.R. et al (2013) Glutamate efflux mediated by Corynebacterium glutamicum MscCG, Escherichia coli MscS, and their derivatives. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1828, 1230-1240. 

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