Glucose dextrins

Reaction time (minutes) Red To icing values as pe theoretical maltose rcent toae Glucose as percent of theoretical glucose Dextrins ... 

NorwP 29535(1919) CA 11, 211(1917) CA 14,1441(1920)(A detong compd of the same action as fulminates, azides, etc consists of glycero-Pb chlorates or perchlorates, which can be produced by allowing glycerol or other multivalent alcs(such as mannitol, sugar, glucose, dextrin, etc) to act alone or with PbO on neutral or basic Pb chlorates or perchlorates)... 

Dyeing extracts may be mixed or adulterated with tanning extracts and may also be adulterated with artificial organic dyes or -various inert substances, either organic (molasses, glucose, dextrin, starch, glue) or inorganic (sodium sulphate and other soluble salts, and insoluble substances). 

As a raw material for the production of glucose, dextrin and other hydroxyl-containing monomers. 

The first strategy, based on the use of starch for the production of other chemicals was recently reviewed by Robertson et al. [58], Koutinas et al. [59], Kennedy et al. [60] and Otey and Doane [61]. Three different approaches are applied in this context (i) starch as a raw matraial for the production of monomers used in the synthesis of polymers which can be non-biodegradable, such as polyethylene, or biodegradable, such as PLA (the main biodegradable commercial polymer whose monomer, lactic acid, can be obtained from the fermentation of starch [62]) (ii) as a raw material for the production of biopolymCTs like polyhydroxyalkanoates (of which PHB is the main member) (iii) as a raw material for the production of glucose, dextrin and other hydroxyl-containing monomers used in the production of mixed compositions based on starch and other monomers. 

Several species of Bradyrhizobium synthesize cyclic dextrins that have both P-1- 6 and P-1 3-linked D-glucose residues [52-54]. These cyclodextrins are similar to the cyclic P-1 —> 2 D-glucose dextrins elaborated by A. tumefaciens and... 

Carbohydrates may be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. The monosaccharides under certain conditions react as polyhydroxy-aldehydes or polyhydroxy-ketones two important representatives are glucose CjHjjO (an aldose) and fructose (laevulose) CgHuO, (a ketose). Upon hydrolysis di- and polysaccharides 3deld ultimately monosaccharides. Common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose (all of molecular formula C,2H2. 0,), whilst starch, dextrin and cellulose, (CjHjoOj), in which n > 4, are typical polysaccharides. 

Oxidation of Carbohydrates. Oxahc acid is prepared by the oxidation of carbohydrates (7—9), such as glucose, sucrose, starch, dextrin, molasses, etc, with nitric acid (qv). The choice of the carbohydrate raw material depends on availabihty, economics, and process operating characteristics. Among the various raw materials considered, com starch (or starch in general) and sugar are the most commonly available. Eor example, tapioka starch is the Brazihan raw material, and sugar is used in India. 

The yield was highest with starch or dextrin, intermediate and about the same with sucrose, glucose, maltose and lactose and poorest with glycerol. Kanamycin was produced by media containing soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or meat extract, with or without sodium nitrate. Commercially available soybean meal was recognized to be one of the best nitrogen sources. The addition of corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or nitrate to the soybean meal promoted the production of kanamycin. 

The hydrolysis of starch by salivary and pancreatic amylases catalyze random hydrolysis of a(l—>4) glycoside bonds, yielding dextrins, then a mixmre of glucose, maltose, and isomaltose (from the branch points in amylopectin). 

Cycloamyloses are also referred to as eyelodextrins, eycloglucans, or Schardinger dextrins, preceded, in each case, by a Greek letter to denote the number of glucose units (< - for 6, 0- for 7, y- for 8, etc.). 

Nishi et al. [110] used dextran and dextrin as chiral selectors in capillary-zone electrophoresis. Polysaccharides such as dextrins, which are mixtures of linear a-(l,4)-linked D-glucose polymers, and dextrans, which are polymers of D-glucose units linked predominantly by a-(l,6) bonds, have been employed as chiral selectors in the capillary electrophoretic separation of enantiomers. Because these polymers are electrically neutral, the method is applicable to ionic compounds. The enantiomers of basic or cationic drugs such as primaquine were successfully separated under acidic conditions. The effects of molecular mass and polysaccharide concentration on enantioselectivity were investigated. 

Cellulose is a high molecular weight polymer of D-glucose with fi( 1 -4)-glycosidic bonds, found in plant fibres it is the major component of most plant tissues. Starch is another common polysaccharide, containing two polymers of glucose, amylose and amylopectin. It was used in some paint preparations and in the production of paper. Acid treatment of starch produces dextrins, which are used as adhesives and additives in water colour paintings. 

---