Sweetness INDEX

Fructose—Dextrose Separation. Emctose—dextrose separation is an example of the appHcation of adsorption to nonhydrocarbon systems. An aqueous solution of the isomeric monosaccharide sugars, C H 2Dg, fmctose and dextrose (glucose), accompanied by minor quantities of polysaccharides, is produced commercially under the designation of "high" fmctose com symp by the enzymatic conversion of cornstarch. Because fmctose has about double the sweetness index of dextrose, the separation of fmctose from this mixture and the recycling of dextrose for further enzymatic conversion to fmctose is of commercial interest (see Sugar Sweeteners). 

Supers weet Database of carbohydrates and artificial sweeteners 342 M http //bioinf-applied.charite.de/ sweet/index.php site = home... 

Purified monomer is usually inhibited before shipment by such materials as copper resinate, diphenylamine or hydroquinone, which are generally removed before polymerisation. The monomer is a sweet-smelling liquid partially miscible with water and with the following properties boiling point at 760mmHg, 72.5°C specific gravity at 20°C, 0.934 refractive index 1.395 vapour... 

Ethyl Cinnamate.—The cinnamic ester of ethyl alcohol is a natural constituent of a few essential oils, including camphor oil and storax. It is formed synthetically by condensing cinnamic acid and ethyl alcohol by dry hydrochloric acid gas. It has a soft and sweet odour, and is particularly suitable for blending in soap perfumes. It is an oil at ordinary temperatures, melting at 12°, and boiling at 271°. Its specific gravity is 1 0546, and its refractive index 1 5590. 

Colorless liquid commercial grade has a pungent disagreeable odor, in its purest form the odor is sweet and pleasant flammable refractive index 1.6295 density 1.261 g/mL at 20°C boils at 46.3°C freezes at -110.8°C critical temperature 279°C, critical pressure 77.97 atm, critical volume 173 cm3/mol slightly soluble in water, 0.29 g/lOOg at 20°C soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, and oils forms an azeotrope with water (CS2 H2O = 97.2%)... 

Colorless hquid sweet faint odor refractive index 1.5452 flammable volatile density 3.19 g/mL at 20°C boils at 94°C sohdifies at -43°C insoluble in water soluble in ether and alcohols. 

Figure 1. Loadings of molecular descriptors and sensory sweet score on two PlS factors. 1 = log k, 2 = Kovats index on OVIOI and (3) Caibowax-20M, 4 = molecular weight, S = dipole moment, 6 = ionization potential, 7 = electron energy, 8 = heat of formation, 9 = zero-order connectivity, 10 = first-order connectivity, 11 = first-order connectivity/n Y = sensory sweet score.

Pure stevioside is a white hygroscopic powder (The Merck Index, 1976) and commercial extracts vary from cream to tan powders. The solubility of pure stevioside in water is 1.2 g/1 (The Merck Index, 1976). Commercial extracts have solubilities that range from 300 to 800 g/1 (Stevia Corporation, 1986). The relative sweetness of stevia extracts varies from 15 to 300 (O Donnell, 1983 Richard, 2002 Tunaley et al., 1987 ) The taste of stevioside is characterised by a lingering sweetness and liquorice, bitter off-taste (O Donnell, 1983). This limits its commercial application and it is generally not used as a sole sweetener in most applications. 

Due to its viscosity, polydextiose gives good mouthfeel in soft drinks, but does not provide any sweetness (RS = 0). The caloric level is 1 cal/g. It is partially metabolised in the large intestine (and, therefore, independently of insulin) and so is suitable for diabetic and low glycaemic index products. It does not promote tooth decay, as it is not metabolised by oral bacteria. 

PROP Colorless liquid sweet, floral odor with honey undertone. D 1.095-1.099, reft index 1.553-1.558, flash p 212°F. Sol in ale, chloroform, ether. 

PROP Cty stals. Mp 44.5°, bp 184-185° 100 mm. Reported in pine-needle, lime, sweet-orange, and a dozen other essential oils (FCTXAV 11,477,73). Colorless to light-yeUow liquid fatty odor. D 0.826—0.836, refr index 1.433—1.439, flash p 180°F. Sol in ale, fixed oils, propylene glycol insol in glycerin, water. 

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