Gloves measurements

Plutonium solutions that have a low activity (<3.7 x 10 Bq (1 mCi) or 10 mg of Pu) and that do not produce aerosols can be handled safely by a trained radiochemist in a laboratory fume hood with face velocity 125—150 linear feet per minute (38—45 m/min). Larger amounts of solutions, solutions that may produce aerosols, and plutonium compounds that are not air-sensitive are handled in glove boxes that ate maintained at a slight negative pressure, ca 0.1 kPa (0.001 atm, more precisely measured as 1.0—1.2 cm (0.35—0.50 in.) differential pressure on a water column) with respect to the surrounding laboratory pressure (176,179—181). This air is exhausted through high efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters. 

For the above scales, eye protection should be worn and work should be undertaken in a standard fume-cupboard behind a well-anchored polycarbonate screen. It is advisable to wear a protective apron and hand protection whether leather gauntlets or tongs should be used will be dictated by circumstances. Such measures are recommended but it should be ensured that they do not precipitate a hazard as a result of loss of tactile sensitivity (e.g. dropping a flask, overtightening clamps, exerting excessive pressure when assembling apparatus). The material of gloves needs consideration. (PVC but not rubber is suitable for tert-butyl peroxide.)... 

The XPS spectra of the freshly sulfided Co-Mo/NaY catalysts were measured on an XPS-7000 photoelectron spectrometer (Rigaku, A1 anode 1486.6 eV). The sample mounted on a holder was transferred from a glove bag into a pretreatment chamber attached to the spectrometer as possible as carefully not to be contacted with air. The binding energies (BE) were referenced to the Si2p band at 103.0 eV for the NaY zeolite, which had teen determined by the Cls reference level at 285.0 eV due to adventitious carbon. 

Hand exposures of mixer-loader/applicator and re-entry workers have been measured using a variety of techniques in the past. The most common methods are using gloves as dosimeters and washing the hands with various solvents post-exposure. 

Many types of matrices have been used in the past to measure the field stability of the test substance. Cotton gloves, cellulose patches, face wipe handkerchiefs and/or gauze face wipe matrices, long underwear (inner dosimeters), pants, shirts, coveralls (outer dosimeters), sorbent tubes, urine, and other matrices are common matrices that have been used for this purpose. 

The outer layer of samples (gloves, coveralls, socks, face wash, hand wash, and hat) allowed measurement of the complete dose encountered on the outside of the protective clothing without any subsampling. This eliminated any uncertainty or error due to the highly variable deposition of residues across the body surface. This is the upper limit of the potential dose that could be encountered by the operator, and it is used to assess the effectiveness of the protective clothing and other preventive measures. 

Potential dermal exposure (PDE) was the sum of the amount of chlorpyrifos retained by the dosimeter (socks, gloves, and union suit) during the 20-min exposure period. Absorbed daily dose (ADD) was the sum of chlorpyrifos equivalents measured in urine for days 2,3, and 4. Home-use biomonitoring data are expressed as chlorpyrifos equivalents per day, as exposure continued throughout the test period. 

The exposure value thus yielded provides a measure of the skin exposure with and without consideration of a protective garment and gloves (personal protective equipment = PPE), and may be taken directly for comparison with appropriate data from relevant toxicity studies for assessment of the risk via the dermal route. 

---