Global flux

Estimates of present-day global fluxes (mol/year) of CO2 to and from the atmosphere (Seward and Kerrich, 1996 Shikazono and Kashiwagi, 1999)... 

Liu et al. (2008) for the current global flux of 0.13 Pg C yr1 to the continental aquatic ecosystem. In effect, based on the above estimates, the flux of C to groundwater could account for 2% to 12% of the missing carbon sink in the global carbon budget. 

Kessler, T.J. Harvey, C. S. 2001. Global flux of C02 into groundwater. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 279-282. 

Fig. 4.1 Greenhouse gas emission such as carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) converted to C02 equivalents, by sector in 2004 (Barker et al. 2007). Agriculture and forestry together play a major role in the global fluxes of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane...

Human activity has an enormous influence on the global cycling of nutrients, especially on the movement of nutrients to estuaries and other coastal waters. For phosphorus, global fluxes are dominated by the essentially one way flow of phosphorus carried in eroded materials and wastewater from the land to the oceans, where it is ultimately buried in ocean sediments. The size of this flux is currently estimated at 22 x 106 tons per year. Prior to increased human agricultural and industrial activity,... 

Watling R, Harper DB (1998) Chloromethane Production by Wood-Rotting Fungi and an Estimate of the Global Flux to the Atmosphere. Mycol Res 102 769... 

Willey, J. D., R. J. Kieber, M. S. Eyman, and G. Brooks Avery, Jr. 2000. Rainwater dissolved organic carbon Concentrations and global flux. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14 139-148. 

Table 3.10 exemplifies the calculation of C02 sinks into the vegetation cover of Russia. Such calculations using the GMNSS demonstrate the dynamics of the C02 flux mosaic in the atmosphere-plant-soil system. Knowledge of this mosaic makes it possible to assess the role of specific types of soil-plant formations in the regional balance of carbon, and on this basis to calculate the global fluxes of carbon dioxide across the atmosphere-land border. Similar calculations are also possible for the atmosphere-ocean system. 

GOFS Program to study global fluxes in the World Ocean. 

Lovelock et al. (2) made the first quantitative measurement of DMS in the surface ocean and suggested that it, rather than H S, made up the principle oceanic sulfur source. Since that time, a number of measurements have been made of both water column and atmospheric DMS and flux calculations support the view that the emissions of this organic sulfur compound constitute a major global flux. However, the relative importance of the fluxes of DMS and H2S as... 

Eresent study. This is appropriate for a wind speed of 8 m s 1. The mean flux of >MS from tne North Sea is therefore in the range 3.5 x 10 13-1.05 x 10"11 kg (S) nr2 s 1. These values compare with a global flux of 3.5 x 10kg (S) nr2 s 1 (-40 Tg of sulphur per year from the world s oceans). The flux during bloom periods, however, provides approximately 45% of the total sulphur in air over Southern Norway which has crossed the North Sea in the months of May to July (Clark, P.A., Central Electricity Research Laboratories, personal communication). DMS emissions have been taken to be diurnally invariant as there are insufficient data to suggest otherwise. 

The stable flux pattern in Figure 55(a) forms due to the penetration of a magnetic flux front of pinned vortices from the sample surface. The joule heating arising from vortex motion can release global flux jumps and thermal quench instabilities under certain conditions which have to be avoided for stable operation of current-carrying superconductors (Mints and Rakhmanov, 1981). Dendritic flux patterns which have been observed in Nb disks (Goodman and Wertheimer,... 

Mantle He also emanates in continental and island arc regions, but flux estimates are more difficult than for the world ocean. Simply by comparing areas, we do not expect that continental or arc fluxes will make a major difference to the global flux calculated for the world ocean, but the subject is of keen interest because He serves as a tracer for mantle influences. It is expected, and observed, that flux varies according to tectonic regional setting. Summary data are exhibited in Table 6.4. 

Details of the approaches used to calculate these fluxes are given in many references, including Lerman (1979) and Berner (1980). Methods used to calculate global fluxes and estimates obtained are found in articles by the authors referred to in Table 9.13, a summary of fluxes for exchange of dissolved constituents across the sediment-water interface. Notice that burial of pore water removes constituents from the oceans and may be a major removal process for Na+. The Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 fluxes are more fully discussed in a later section. 

Approximately 50% of the global flux of S to the atmosphere is derived from marine emissions of DMS. Oxidation of DMS in the atmosphere leads to production of S042-aerosols, which can influence global climate patterns (Charlson et al., 1987 Andreae and Crutzen, 1997). The key processes controlling DMS emissions from the euphotic zone... 

Berner, R.A., and Rao, J. (1994) Phosphorus in sediments of the Amazon River and estuary implications for the global flux of phosphorus to the sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 2333-2339. 

Table 3 The net global fluxes of some trace gases across the air jsea interface...

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