Biogenic amines levels

The organ also contains neuroactive compounds as constituents of the vasomotor and neuro-glandular tissues (Zancanaro et al., 1997). These include the amine transmitters Nor-adrenalin and Serotonin (5-HT), whose presence is presumably related to the non-olfactory innervations. Local stimulation effects [Figs. 5.2 and 5.5(a)] can alter the biogenic amine levels in the VNO of female mice, as a result of exposure to male conspecific urine, and consequent arousal of the suction-pump [c.f. Fig. 5.7(a)]. 

The predominant amines found in cheese are tyramine, cadaverine, putrescine and histamine (Table 6.6) (Stratton et ah, 1991 Silla Santos, 1996 Novella-Rodriguez et ah, 2002 Novella-Rodriguez et al., 2003). Biogenic amine levels may vary between types of cheese as well as within the varieties themselves. The differences within a variety of cheese may be due to a number of factors, including manufacturing processes, bacterial counts in the milk, heat treatments used, use of starter cultures, and the duration and conditions of the ripening process (Stratton et al., 1991 Pinho et al., 2001 Novella-Rodriguez et al., 2003). 

After initial contradictory reports it is now established that arsenic can cross the blood-brain barrier and produces alternations in whole rat brain biogenic amines levels in animals chronically exposed to arsenite (Tripathi et al, 1997). The neurological effects are many and varied. Usually, peripheral neuropathy, sensory neuropathy (Hafeman et al, 2005), and encephalopathy are the initial complaints associated with acute arsenic poisoning. Acute exposure to arsenic in humans has been shown to result in problems of memory, difficulties in concentration, mental confusion, and anxiety (Hall, 2002 Rodriguez et al, 2003). Other neurological symptoms arising due to arsenic are primarily those of a peripheral sensory neuritis, predominantly numbness, severe paresthesia of the distal portion of the extremities, diminished sense of touch, pain, heat and cold, and symmetrically reduced muscle power (Menkes, 1997). 

The alterations produced by THC and other cannabinoids in biogenic amine levels as well as on uptake, release and synthesis of neurotransmitters and effects on enzymes have been the subject of numerous investigations (for reviews see [8,52,55,114,115]). It is beyond the scope of the present summary to try to analyse and put into a proper perspective the wealth of data published so far. It is our subjective view that the mode of action of cannabi-mimetic compounds is somehow directly associated with prostaglandin metabolism (see, in particular, the series of papers by Burstein [115,116]), and/or reduction of hippocampal acetylcholine turnover observed in rats [117,118]. The latter effect is enantiospecific and follows the known SAR of the cannabinoids. This in vivo selectivity of action suggests that the THC may activate specific transmitter receptors which indirectly modulate the activity of the cholinergic neurons in the septalhippocampal pathway. 

Friedman, A. H. and Walker, C. A. (1968) Circadian rhythms in rat mid-brain and caudate nucleus biogenic amine levels. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 197,77-85. 

Al-Ani, A. T., Tunnicliff, G., Rick, J. T. and Kerkut, G. A. (1970) GABA production, acetylcholinesterase activity and biogenic amine levels in brain for mouse strains differing in spontaneous activity and reactivity. Life Sci., 9,21-27. 

Eriksson H, Lenngren S, Heilbronn E. 1987a. Effect of long-term administration of manganese on biogenic amine levels in discrete striatal regions of rat brain. Arch Toxicol 59 426-431. 

This chapter describes the use of this sensitive technique to measure rigorously biogenic amine levels in individually isolated insect identified neurons, and we present data from the locust protocerebral medulla 4 (PM4) neurons as a specific example (5). We also describe the use of GC-MS to monitor the biosynthesis of biogenic amines. The example we present is the synthesis ofp-octopamine, in populations of the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons of the locust, by following the fate of one of its precursors in deuterated form, [ Hs] p-tyramine (4). 

In contrast, there have been other reports that morphine does alter brain levels of 5-HT, with sometimes an increase [246] and sometimes a decrease [247,248] this confusion is tempered slightly by the knowledge that the effects of morphine on brain levels of DA and NA, as well as of 5-HT, are modified significantly by the dose of opiate employed [249]. Thus, there appears to be no simple monophasic type of relationship between morphine-induced changes in brain biogenic amine levels and antinociceptive activity. 

Papavergou, E. I. (2011). Biogenic amine levels in dry fermented sausages produced and sold in Greece. Procedia Food Science, 1, 1126—1131. 

Ruiz-Capillas, C., A. M. Herrero, and F. Jimenez-Colmenero. 2011. Reduction of biogenic amines levels in meat and meat products. In Natural Antimicrobials in Food Quality and Food Safety, eds. M. Rai and M. L. Chikindas, pp. 154-166. UK CAB International. 

Antidepressive activity was noted for some tricyclic compounds having a six-membered central ring. A series of naphthyrldones, C-29 C-42 ( ). and C- 5 (7c). caused inlpramine—like activity in animals. The Influence of on central biogenic amine levels," as well as its absorption, distribution and excretion, was Investigated in mice and rats. Several phenothiazine derivatives had antidepressive activity. In extensive clinical trials fluoracizine (8a). a CPj analog of chloracizine, showed antidepressive efficacy equivalent to imipramine. 

Kumar MVS, Desiraju T. 1992. Effect of chronic consumption of methyl parathion on rat brain regional acetylcholinesterase activity and on levels of biogenic amines. Toxicology 75 13-20. 

Function To donate methyl groups to phospholipid, biogenic amines, thymidine, and amino acid biosynthesis To provide one-carbon fragments at the level of formaldehyde and formic acid for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Location Most everywhere... 

Biogenic amine hypothesis. Depression may be caused by decreased brain levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA). 

The prevalence of biogenic amines in fish depends on several factors. In general, concentrations in newly caught fish are low. Mietz and Karmas (1978) found that cadaverine values ranged from 0.116 to 1.036 mg per 100 g in high-quality rockfish, salmon steaks, and shrimp and that putrescine levels were... 

Ripened cheeses contain higher average concentrations of amines than do unripened cheeses, a difference that could be related to processing (Martelli et ah, 1993 Schneller et al., 1997). Casein proteolysis that occurs during cheese manufacture may result in an increased level of free amino acids. These amino acids are then decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of biogenic amines. A... 

Very low levels of biogenic amines occur in unripened cheese made from pasteurized milk, due to the pasteurization and the lack of a ripening period. Any high levels that may be found in unripened cheese would most likely be due to the use of poor-quality milk (Novella-Rodriguez et al., 2003). 

---