Giardia

Isolation and Identification of Giardia Cysts, Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Eree Living Pathogenic Amoebae in Water etc., 1989... 

Giardia lamblia 0 Tt3 Gastrointestinal illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps) Human and animal fecal waste... 

Legionella No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses are removed/inactivated, Legionella will also be controlled. 

Ozone is more effective than chlorine in deactivating poliovirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and other protozoa. It also improves the color, taste, and odor of water dramatically. However, since no residual amount remains, it is always necessary to add a small amount of a more stable disinfectant as well (sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, etc.). 

CA C1 C01.094 Giardain Potential drug target for Giardia parasitism... 

Atherbolt TB, LeChevalier MW, Norton WD, Rosen JS (1998) Effect of rainfall on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. J Am Water Works Assoc 90 66-80... 

LeChevalier MS, Norton WD (1995) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and finished water. J Am Water Works Assoc 87 54—68... 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

Giardia lamblia (also known as G. intestinalis or G. duode-nalis), an enteric protozoan, is the most common intestinal parasite responsible for diarrheal syndromes throughout the world. Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasites in the United States, with a prevalence rate of 5% to 15% in some areas. G. lamblia has been identified as the first enteric pathogen seen in children in developing countries, with prevalence rates between 15% and 30%. 

Even though stool examination for ova and parasites has remained the major means of diagnosis, other diagnostic tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is considered to be between 85% to 98% sensitive and almost 100% specific (ProSpecT, Giardia Microplate Assay, Remel, Lenexa, KS). 

Hill DR. Giardia lamblia. In Mandel GL, Bennett IE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2005 3198-3205. John DT, Petri WA. Markell and Voge s Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier, 2006. 

Identification may be by gross examination for adult helminths or, more commonly, by microscopic examination for protozoa, helminth eggs, and larvae. The diagnostic forms of some parasites, such as the eggs of Ascaris spp., are present on a regular basis. Other forms, such as malaria parasites, Taenia eggs, or Giardia cysts, vary from day to day. 

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