Germany time pressures

The introduction of the EU ETS in Germany was characterised by a series of difficult general conditions (time pressure, large number of installations, data, inexperience with market-based instruments etc.). In Germany, a country which is characterised by a strong corporatist policy style and by a diversity of diverging interests, the political system s ability to manage complex political processes of this kind, on the basis of very uncertain and incomplete information, is remarkably limited. 

High Pressure in the Chemical Industry. The use of high pressure in industry may be traced to early efforts to Hquefy the so-called permanent gases using a combination of pressure and low temperature. At about the same time the chemical industry was becoming involved in high pressure processes. The discovery of mauveine in 1856 led to the development of the synthetic dye industry which was well estabUshed, particularly in Germany, by the end of the century. Some of the intermediate compounds required for the production of dyes were produced, in autoclaves, at pressures of 5-8 MPa (725-1160 psi). 

Thermal chlorination of methane was first put on an industrial scale by Hoechst in Germany in 1923. At that time, high pressure methanol synthesis from hydrogen and carbon monoxide provided a new source of methanol for production of methyl chloride by reaction with hydrogen chloride. Prior to 1914 attempts were made to estabHsh an industrial process for methanol by hydrolysis of methyl chloride obtained by chlorinating methane. 

Hot (230-240°F) potassium carbonate treating was patented in Germany in 1904 and perfected into modem commercial requirements by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The U.S. Bureau of Mines was working on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas at the time. Potassium carbonate treating requires high partial pressures of CO2. It therefore cannot successfully treat gas containing only H2S. ... 

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... 

The hydrogenation of 3-hydroxy propan al (HPA) to 1,3-propanediol (PD) over Ni/SiOi/AEO, catalyst powder was studied by Professor Hoffman s group at the Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlagen, Germany (Zhu et al., 1997). PD is a potentially attractive monomer for polymers like polypropylene terephthalate. They used a batch stirred autoclave. The experimental data were kindly provided by Professor Hoffman and consist of measurements of the concentration of HPA and PD (Chpa< Cpd) versus time at various operating temperatures and pressures. 

Shortly after SD has been started 2,2.5 h later 3, 5.75 h later. A computer can calculate dpls from the measured pt - pjt p0 pressure after closing of the valve P, pressure after the measuring time t (based on measurements of AMSCO Finn-Aqua, D-50345 Hiirth, Germany). 

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