Policy Styles

28 Methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, lead compounds, mercury, cadmium, organotin compounds, chloroparaffins, phthalates, nonyl phenol ethoxylates, arsenic, creosote, brominated flame-retardants. 

The UK is also experiencing a dilemma with regards to its consensusseeking policy. While the UK is the only of the four countries to have a Chemical Stakeholder Forum, UK Environmental NGO have complained that the forum is more talk than action [384] and, 

29 A Swedish regulator s statement that Sweden has focussed on carcinogens is supported by the fact that the lists of substances subject to SWEA use-specific authorisation [379] and subject to phase-out contain more carcinogens than mutagens and reprotoxins by volume. 

30 For instance, as reported by two interviewees, current Health and Safety Executive (HSEO priorities are based on statistics for carcinogenicity, respiratory illnesses and skin disease to the exclusion of mutagenic or reprotoxic effects. 

Exclusion of French and German environmental and consumer NGO from setting technical standards as a result of their lack of expertise or resource availability does not appear to cause dissatisfaction. In France, interviewees reported that this is because the NGO are formally invited to the multitude of committees that provide decision-making support to the ministries. REACH has triggered what one interviewee described as mandatory participation of NGO in two newly created French chemical Working Groups33. Given the political nature rather than technical aspects of current REACH debates (see Chapter 6), interviewees explained that environmental NGO can participate more than in the previous more technically oriented discussions. 

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Figure 4.1 Countries placed according to dimensions of policy style (adapted by Colebatch [375] from Richardson [376])...

Analysing national approaches allows for evaluation of the policy styles of the regulatory authorities. Because policy style influences how authorities set and implement regulation [377], they determine the efficiency and effectiveness of chemical risk management. An analysis of policy style also provides a basis for examining why the relationship between the national actors varies to such a large extent between the four countries. The overall position of each national approach is shown schematically in Figure 4.1 [376, 378]. 

Policy style Reacts to problems Reacts to problems Anticipates problems Consensus- forming... 

J.J. Richardson, Policy Styles in Western Europe, Allen and Unwin, London, UK, 1982, p.13. 

The introduction of the EU ETS in Germany was characterised by a series of difficult general conditions (time pressure, large number of installations, data, inexperience with market-based instruments etc.). In Germany, a country which is characterised by a strong corporatist policy style and by a diversity of diverging interests, the political system s ability to manage complex political processes of this kind, on the basis of very uncertain and incomplete information, is remarkably limited. 

Finally, a recent evaluation study suggests a typology of the RAV/ORP across the country according to their activation policy style (Egger, Dreher and Partner 2006). A distinction is made between three types of RAV/ORP ... 

Combining independently designed frameworks is not easy. As discussed in Section 11.3.1.3, Contrast of Styles, a framework attempts to codify and prescribe the policies and rules for interactions among its application s objects in particular, the framework usually takes control, and the applications simply plug in the parts they need. We need explicit attention to interframework coordination at the level of the interframework architecture. 

Exposure Assessment. What is the dose or the level of exposure of humans to the chemical agent This question must be asked in the context of a given policy for controlling the uses and dissemination into the environment of a chemical agent. This control policy might be the present situation, a possible new regulatory policy, or a policy that a chemical manufacturer or distributor could choose to impose on his product. It Is usually appropriate to assess the exposure of specific groups of people, Which may depend on occupation, life style, purchases and uses of certain products, etc. 

They thus reach the following recommendations for action There is a broad consensus that it is not or not always the consistent application of individual in-straments, but rather their choice and application within a certain sample of regn-lations that are the deciding factors. As a sample of regnlations (referring to Janicke 1997) the sum of all calculable rules, procedures and action contexts in a subject area of state control is nnderstood this comprises the political-institutional context for action, the stractnie of instruments and the style of pohcy upheld in each case. According to these factors a snccessful, iimovation-orientated environment policy is characterised by a style of pohcy, which... 

Efficiency gains can be boosted by integrating the various historically developed policies (chemicals, enviromnent, employee protection, product safety). This is especially apparent in the area of chemicals safety with the first step being a change in the communication and cooperation style of the national authorities. 

Two frequently consulted style manuals and style procedures for research papers are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style of documentation and the American Psychological Association (APA) style of documentation. There are several specific differences between the two style manuals and their procedures, so it is very important to find out the preferred style policy for your paper. Some professors and professionals prefer MLA style, while others prefer the APA style of documentation. However, no matter which style guide you use, all three types of documentation— footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical citations—follow specific and standard formats. 

The previous exposition, of course, has been carefully styled to lead to what appears to be a benign policy. It accepts as the baseline a single price determined either under profit maximization or under price controls, and then asks whether, relative to that baseline single price, allowing price discrimination would be in societ/s interest. 

The corresponding secretariats may have to add information essential to the understanding of the implementation of the texts (e.g., the description of an analytical procedure or of reagents that do not exist in the pharmacopeia) and a translation is added by the European and Japanese Pharmacopoeias. The style may be adapted to that of the pharmacopeia concerned or global style may be used. A pharmacopeia can add text, either to amplify some of the requirements with additional information or because national requirements and compendial policy dictate that the addition is necessary. However, there must be a clear indication that this additional information is not part of the harmonized document. This will avoid additional text being included after the harmonization process is completed, but will allow interested parties to review a complete text. The three pharmacopeias endeavor to publish the drafts simultaneously or as close together as possible. 

Transferring risk may sound easy. All you need is to find the right policy, for the right need, at the right cost. Write a check once a year and hope nothing happens. Of course, it is more complicated than this. When you retire, you must find policies that cover new risks or close gaps in existing ones. Policies can be deceptive. You may think you are fully covered when you re not. There are sometimes exclusions that limit your policy. Also, you must consider cost. It s impossible to live with style if you spend all your discretionary income on insurance premiums. 

In the case of the NDA, a fourth review is recommended. This is an appropriate occasion to bring in one or more outside independent consultants to act as a mock FDA review panel. The panel should be thoroughly familiar with all FDA guidelines, style requirements, and policies. The panel should review the NDA in great deal, using the same two-tier review process as is employed at the FDA (first review for conformity to logistical requirements second review of content). 

Regulatory style Prescriptive Prescriptive Objective (policy)/ prescriptive Objective (target)... 

Vogel, D. National Styles of Regulation Environmental Policy in Great Britain and the United States. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1986. 

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