Microbial genotyping

It is well known that survival and proliferation of microbial cells in the environment depend on the expression of advantageous phenotypes controlled by the genotype expression. It is becoming clear that such evolutionary pressure has resulted in a network of sensor mechanisms that transduce environmental stimuli into gene expression and hence a phenotype complementary to the prevail-... 

On the other hand, more recent studies have been designed to evaluate these hypotheses as they relate to (1) natural communities as contrasted to pure cultures, (2) cell densities more characteristic of natural ecosystems than those bacterial densities commonly used in tests of pure cultures, (3) synthetic compounds acted on by only a few rather than a diversity of microbial genera or species, and (4) compound concentrations which are characteristic of environmental pollutants rather than organic nutrients included in culture media. In general, all these explanations are related mainly to (1) proliferation of small populations, (2) presence of toxins, (3) predation by protozoa, and (4) appearance of new genotypes [ 101,104,106 -108,110,111 ]. 

Microbial Cell Lines Species, strain, genotype, phenotype, pathogenicity, toxin production, and other biohazard information... 

Blackburn, J.W., R.K. Jain and G.S. Sayler. 1987. The molecular microbial ecology of a Naphthalene-degrading genotype in activated sludge. Environ. Sd. Technol. 21 884-890. 

Myoda, S. P., Carson, C. A., Fuhrmann, J. J., Hahm, B.-K., Hartel, P. G., Yampara-Iquise, H., Johnson, L.-A., Kuntz, R. L., Nakatsu, C. H., Sadowsky, M. J., and Samadpour, M. (2003). Comparison of genotypic-based microbial source tracking methods requiring a host origin database. J. Water Health 1,167-180. 

PCR has the advantage of increased sensitivity, minimal tissue requirements, and potential sequencing of the amplified product for specific identification of the microbial genotype or strain of the agent involved. There are PCR assays for most microorganisms that have been or can be adapted for use on formalin-fixed... 

The physiology of manganese is characterized by a complex network of influential plant, soil and ecosystem factors, such as differences in sensitivity and tolerance between plant species and genotypes, activity of plant hormones (e.g., auxin, giberel-lin), pH, aeration and drainage of soil, the concentration of other cations in the sod, interactions with other elements (e.g., Fe, Ca, Mg, Cd, Pb, Zn, P, Si) and microbial relationships (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias... 

In the second strategy, continuous in vivo evolution of entire populations circumvents passage through the single variant level after each mutation-selection cycle. This is possible because microorganisms are self-replicating, imHke proteins, so that the phenotype is coupled to the genotype (at least as a first approximation). Due to their small size, microbial laboratory populations are... 

The microbial populations propagated In reactors ranging from Petri dishes to fermentors to natural ecosystems are typically heterogeneous with respect to age, size, and biochemical activity. The overall rates of substrate utilization, biosynthesis and product formation in these reactors are sums, taken over the cell population, of the rates of the corresponding processes In the individual cells present (X, ) Viewed from this perspective, optimizing the performance of a microbial process requires determination of the cells genotype and of a reactor design such that the optimal distribution of states Is achieved In the process s microbial population. 

Delehanty and Ligler [5] used an antibody microarray system with continuous fluid flow to detect microbial toxins and simultaneously detected both cholera toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin at a detection level as low as 8 and 4 ng/ml, respectively, within 15 min. Yang et al. [6] developed a device for detecting and genotyping influenza A viruses. Construction of the device utilizes solid-state electronics microfabiicated in silicon and glass, deposition of resistive heaters for thermal... 

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