Mutations selectivity

Etravirine has in vitro activity against a wide variety of wild-type and NNRTT-resistant HIV-1, and it was approved in the USA for use in treatment-experienced patients with HIV infection in early 2008. Etravirine may be effective against strains of HIV that have developed resistance to first-generation NNRTTs, depending on the number of mutations present. Although etravirine has a higher genetic barrier to resistance than the other NNRTTs, mutations selected by etravirine usually are associated with resistance to efavirenz, nevirapine, and delavirdine. 

The fact that the mutation-selection process has two parts. .. is brought vividly by Richard Dawkins in his book The Blind Watchmaker. Imagine a device that is something like a combination lock. It is composed of a series of disks placed side by side. On the edge of each disk, the twenty-six letters of the alphabet appear. The disks can be spun separately so that different sequences of letters may appear in the viewing window. 

If the current S. cerevisiae strains do not exhibit pronounced strain-specific effects on wine flavor, is it possible to genetically improve them to produce desired aroma components Such improvement could be accomplished by utilizing classical hybridization, protoplast fusion, mutation/selection or genetic engineering techniques (70), presupposing that the characteristic(s) to be selected for is under the control of a single gene (59). 

Houle My best estimate of how much genetic variation mutation must account for, in terms of variance within Drosophila, is probably in the order of 20% (Houle et al 1996), and that s a conservative estimate. The remaining 80% could well be accounted for by polymorphisms maintained by the sorts of things you re talking about, such as disease interactions. However, an alternative is that mutation-selection balance maintains far more than 20%. There is lots of room for uncertainty about the quantitative importance of mutation. 

Wiley, Chichester (Novartis Found Symp 223) p 260-275 Rice WR1988 Heritable variation in fitness as a prerequisite for adaptive female choice the effect of mutation-selection balance. Evolution 42 817-820 Rose M, Charlesworth B 1980 A test of evolutionary theories of senescence. Nature 287 141—142 Rushton JP 1995 Race, evolution, and behavior a life history perspective. Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ... 

Miller If one is aware of certain aspects of evolutionary theory, such as mutation—selection balance and strategic polymorphisms, they provide interesting competing accounts of why is so heritable and variable. Many of the measures of fitness and variance in animal species that have been developed provide interesting analogues of psychometric tests, and they might be mutually illuminating. They have been in this symposium. 

Tong, L Cardozo, M., Jones, P.-J., and Adams, J. (1993) Preliminary structural analysis of the mutations selected by non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 3, 721-726. 

This improvement in cellulase production averaged a doubling every 2 years between 1972 and 1984 and resulted from a combination of mutation/selection of strains and the optimization of fed-batch and continuous culture. 

Population genetics Hardy- Weinberg law, founder effects, mutation-selection equilibrium 412,427,429-433... 

GA is a programming technique that mimics biological evolution to find true or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. They are a specific instance of evolutionary algorithms that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. GAs were developed by John Holland and his team [67]. 

Cairns, J. (1975). Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature 255(5505), 197-200. 

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