Genotoxicity foods

Hopkins J. 1983. Is diethylhexyl phthalate genotoxic Food Chem Toxicol 21 684-687. 

MacGregor JT, Tucker JD, Ziderman 11, et al. 1989. Non-clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow of fructose/lysine and other sugar/amino acid browning products with in vitro genotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 27 715-721. 

Marks HS, Anderson JA, Stoewsand GS. 1993. Effect of S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide and its metabolite methyl methane thiosulphinate, both occuring naturally in brassica vegetables, on mouse genotoxicity. Food Chem Toxic 31 (7) 491-495. 

Isbrucker, R.A., J. Bausch, J.A. Edwards, and E. Wolz. 2006a. Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 1 Genotoxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44(5) 626-635. 

GL23 Safety genotoxicity Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drug in human food genotoxicity testing... 

Veena P, Murthy PB. 1994. Effect of starvation on organophosphoms pesticide induced genotoxicity in rats. IntJ Food Sci Nutr 45 71-77. 

Combes, R.D. and Haveland-Smith, R.B., A review of the genotoxicity of food, drug and cosmetic colours and other azo, triphenyhnethane and xanthene dyes, Mutation Res., 98, 101, 1982. 

Hazard characterization is a quantitative or semi-quantitative evaluation of the nature, severity, and duration of adverse health effects associated with biological, physical, or chemical agents that may be present in food. The characterization depends on the nature of the toxic effect or hazard. Eor some hazards such as genotoxic chemicals, there may be no threshold for the effect and therefore estimates are made of the possible magnitude of the risk at human exposure level (dose-response extrapolation). 

Harwood M, Danielewska-Nikiel B, Borselleca JF, Flamm GW, Williams GM and Lines TC. 2007. A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/carcinogenic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 45 2179-2205. 

Jongen, W.M.F., J.M. Cardinaals, and RM.J. Bos. 1985. Genotoxicity testing of arsenobetaine, the predominant form of arsenic in marine fishery products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 23 669-673. 

Some chemicals are believed to have no threshold above which toxic effects are observed. In other words, a single molecule has the potential to induce an adverse effect. The most common group of hazards in this respect are genotoxic carcinogens. Chemical carcinogens are not normally approved as food additives because an acceptable daily intake cannot be established. 

The acute oral toxicity of paprika is very low with an LD50 for mice of 11 g/kg. Several studies have indicated that paprika is not genotoxic. The JECFA did not establish an ADI because they considered that the levels of paprika and its oleoresins in foods would be self-limiting.11... 

Absence of carcinogenity, genotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity and of chronic toxicity effects at low exposure levels are indispensable prerequisites for food additive approvals. All substances approved in the European Union or the USA or deemed generally recognised as safe (GRAS) in the USA fulfil this requirement. 

NOC constitute a large category of genotoxic chemical carcinogens occurring in human diet and are known to induce cancer in experimental animals. Nitrosamines are generally found in foods since they are more stable than nitrosamides. Some NOC precursors do not act directly but must be converted to other nitrosation species. 

S.O. Mueller, M. Schmitt, W. Decant, FI. Stopper, J. Schlatter, P. Schleier and W.K. Lutz, Occurrence of emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in vegetables, herbs and liquors. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of the anthraquinones and of the whole plants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37 (1999) 481 -91. 

Jiigerstad, M., Skog, K., Arvidsson, P. and Solyakov, A. (1998). Chemistry, formation and occurrence of genotoxic heterocyclic amines identified in model systems and cooked foods, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch A, 207, 419—427. 

Similarly, in order to avoid any quantitative estimate, an MOE approach has been recommended by, e.g., JECFA (the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) and EFSA (the European Food Safety Authority) in the assessment of compounds that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic by using a benchmark dose (BMD) approach to estimate the BMDLio (benchmark dose lower limit) representing the lower bound of a 95% confidence interval on the BMD corresponding to a 10% tumor incidence (see Section 6.4). 

EFSA. 2005. Draft opinion on a harmonized approach for risk assessment of compounds which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. Request No EFSA-Q-2004-020, EFSA Scientific Committee, The European Food Safety Authority, 7 April 2005. Brussels EFSA. http /www.efsa.eu.int/en/... 

One especially successful method of testing complex mixtures is bioassay-directed fractionation followed by chemical identification of active compounds. Until now this method has mainly been used for the testing and identification of genotoxic compounds in environmental mixtures such as extracts of air particulates, exhaust condensates, and cooked foods. In this approach, each fraction is bioassayed untd the major class of specihc chemical(s) responsible for the activity can be isolated and chemically characterized, which make a risk assessment of the mixture possible. 

Tinkler J, et al Risk assessment of dithiocar-bamate accelerator residues in latex-based medical devices Genotoxicity considerations. Food Chem Toxicol 36 9, 1998... 

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