Genetic factors development

Breast Cancer. Many studies have observed low incidences of hormone-dependent cancers, particularly breast cancer, in Asian countries compared with Western countries and it is becoming increasingly accepted that dietary factors play an important role. Although breast cancer can occur in either males or females, only about 1 % of all cases occur in men, and male breast cancer is a rare disease in all parts of the world." Although there appear to be some similar risk factors for breast cancer in males and females, there is no indication in the literature that diet is either a risk or a protective factor for male breast cancer. The development of breast cancer is known to be highly dependent on the hormones associated with female reproductive functions, while established genetic factors have been... 

Genetic factors cannot explain the recent rapid rise in asthma prevalence. Asthma appears to require both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Many patients with occupational asthma develop the disease late in life upon exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Environmental influences in utero or in infancy may contribute to the development of asthma. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke after birth increases the risk of childhood asthma.3 Adult-onset asthma is not uncommon and may be related to atopy, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, occupational exposure, or a recurrence of childhood asthma. 

The etiology of breast cancer is unknown, but a number of factors that increase a woman s chances of developing the disease have been identified. These risk factors, as well as information regarding the biology of the disease, suggest that a complex interplay between hormones, genetic factors, and environmental and lifestyle influences all contribute to the etiology of this disease. 

It is clear that the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13 play an obligatory role in host resistance to nematode infection whereas type 1 responses promote host susceptibility. Therefore, given that susceptibility to nematode infection is not due to a lack of responsiveness perse, but rather the development of an inappropriate response, it is important to understand the factors that influence the induction and expansion of Th subset responses and so control infection outcome. Studies in nematode models and other systems have addressed these questions and identified the importance of host genetic factors, the nature of the antigen and the antigen presenting cell, co-stimulatory molecules on these cells, and the cytokine and chemokine environment immediately following induction of the response. 

In eukaryotes, translation initiation is rate-limiting with much regulation exerted at the ribosome recruitment and ternary complex (elF2 GTP Met-tRNAjMet) formation steps. Although small molecule inhibitors have been extremely useful for chemically dissecting translation, there is a dearth of compounds available to study the initiation phase in vitro and in vivo. In this chapter, we describe reverse and forward chemical genetic screens developed to identify new inhibitors of translation. The ability to manipulate cell extracts biochemically, and to compare the activity of small molecules on translation of mRNA templates that differ in their factor requirements for ribosome recruitment, facilitates identification of the relevant target. 

While tau mutations have provided an important piece in the puzzle of FTD genetics, they probably account for less than 50% of the genetic variance in familial FTD [64]. However, the successful identification of additional contributing genetic factors largely depends on the development of precise phenotypic classification schemes, which... 

It is well known that the protein content of milk from different species varies and is inversely related to the period of development of the young. The content of the B vitamins is likewise much higher in the milks of small, rapidly maturing animals63 than in human or cow s milk. There can be no serious doubt that the ability to produce milk at all, and also the composition of milk, is controlled to a large extent by genetic factors. On this basis one would expect that milk would vary in composition from individual to individual. 

For many common diseases, subsets of cases exist in which genetic factors play an especially important role. These subsets tend to develop disease early in life (e.g., BRCAl and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer), and they often tend to have a more severe expression of the disease (e.g., APC mutations in colon cancer). 

Models should be developed to understand the relative importance of other variables as they affect plant dose-response. These include, but are not limited to, climatic, edaphic, biotic, and genetic factors. Considerable information is available, but there are many gaps, and no comprehensive programs are in progress to determine how these factors act and interact to affect a plant s response. 

The cause of Alzheimer s disease is unknown, but genetic factors clearly play a role. One clue supporting this view is provided by the observation that individuals with Down syndrome, a common cause of mental retardation, frequently develop a dementia similar to Alzheimer s disease during early adulthood. Vascular dementia, which is also called multi-infarct dementia, results from the accumulation of tiny strokes. Individually, these strokes or infarcts are too small to cause any noticeable problem, but as they accumulate, they produce deficits similar to Alzheimer s disease. Other neurological diseases such as Parkinson s disease, Pick s disease, and Huntington s disease cause slow deterioration of the brain that ultimately leads to a degenerative dementia. 

Numerous studies have shown that neonate or naive reptiles can already show complete species-specific chemical responses to conspecifics or rely on some form of social imprinted responses to food organism or predators, developed by interactions of genetic factors and experience, with each contributing. 

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