Generation of metals

Sattler K, Muhibach J and Recknagel E 1980 Generation of metal clusters containing 2 to 500 atoms Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 821... 

With a sufficiently active donor, the separate generation of metal enolates is not required. Thus, 1,4-addition may be mediated by stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of base. 

The continued development of new single-source molecular precursors should lead to increasingly complex mixed-element oxides with novel properties. Continued work with grafting methods will provide access to novel surface structures that may prove useful for catalytic apphcations. Use of molecular precursors for the generation of metal nanoparticles supported on various oxide supports is another area that shows promise. We expect that the thermolytic molecular precursor methods outlined here will contribute significantly to the development of new generations of advanced materials with tailored properties, and that it will continue to provide access to catalytic materials with improved performance. 

This copy bound with a work as follows Paracelsus of the transmutation of metals pp. 1-41 Of the genealogy and generation of metals pp. 42-45 Urim and Thummim shewed to be made by Art... pp. 46-71 An appendix of the vertues and use of an excellent essential water made and approved by Stephen Twigge. .. pp. 72-78 The second part of the mumial treatise of Tentzelius being a natural account of the tree of life. .. pp. 79-96 Philosophical and chymical experiments of... Raymund Lully pp. 103-166. (Cf. with Paracelsus entry, item 390.)... 

Paracelsus. Paracelsus Of the chymical transmutation, genealogy and generation of metals minerals. Translated by Robert Turner. London Printed for R. Moon [etc.], 1657. 4 pi, 166 p. 

All metal finishing facilities have one thing in common—the generation of metal-containing hazardous waste from the production processes. Reducing the volume of waste generated can save money and at the same time decreases future liabilities. Typical wastes generated are as follows ... 

The route has the advantage that the anode does not need to be sacrificial, thus avoiding the generation of metal salts. However, the molecular weights of products obtained using this method are as yet very low, and mass spectral data for the oligomeric PMPS indicate a maximum DP of 5. 

Says Peter Bonus, however,"... we know that the generation of metals occupies thousands of years. .. in Nature s workshop. .." (see The New Pearl of Great Price, Mr. A. E. Waite s translation, p. 55), and certain others of the alchemists expressed a similar view. 

Rechsteiner, C.E., Jr. Mathis, D.E. Bursey, M.M. Buck, R.P. A Novel Inexpensive Device for the Electrochemical Generation of Metallic Emitters for Field Desorption. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 9m, 4, 52-54. 

In addition to copper and rhodium catalysts commonly used in the generation of metal carbene complexes, other transition metals have also been explored in the diazo decomposition and subsequent ylide generation.Che and co-workers have recently studied ruthenium porphyrin-catalyzed diazo decomposition and demonstrated a three-component coupling reaction of a-diazo ester with a series of iV-benzylidene imines and alkenes to form functionalized pyrrolidines in excellent diastereoselectivities (Scheme 20). ... 

Available information on the generation of metallic particulate films in the different membrane-mimetic compartments is summarized in Table 5. 

Zimmerman, N. Drehmel, D.C. Abbott, J.H. "Characterization and Generation of Metal Aerosols" U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-600/7-78-013 February, 1978. 

Next let us discuss the electronic defects associated with point defects in semiconductive or insulating compounds, which lead to non-stoichiometry. Consider a NiO crystal, which has a NaCl-type structure, as NiO can be regarded as an ionic crystal, the valence states of Ni and O are Ni and O , respectively. We assume that the non-stoichiometry originates only from metal vacancies. Generation of metal defects in NiO may be expressed by a chemical reaction similar to eqn (1.119), i.e. 

The influence of the planets and other heavenly bodies upon the generation of metals and minerals was considered of importance, as also their influence upon the growth and development of organic life, including man. 

Farrar. L.C. and J.A. Shields, Jr. Tungsten and Tungsten-Copper Applications foe Coal-Fired Magnetnhydrorlynamic Power Generation, ,/. of Metals (August 1992). Greenwood, N.N. and A. Eamshaw Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Bulterworth-Heineniann, Inc.. Woburn, MA, 1997. 

The photochemical generation of metal-bound ketenes from carbene-chromium complexes and the subsequent coupling with imines to give azetidin-2-ones is treated separately (Section 2.01.3.10.5). 

As hydrocarbons, terminal acetylenes enjoy a rich reaction chemistry [1]. This is in no small part because of a unique feature of terminal acetylenes that differentiates them from other hydrocarbons - the acidity of the terminal proton (p-K,= 25). It is suggested that the lability of the terminal C-H towards deprotonation results its being bound to an sp-hybridized carbon [2]. This characteristic has been recognized for some time and has led to a diversity of methods for generation of metal acetylides which can participate in coupling reactions. 

The new reactivity mode for the in-situ generation of metal alkynylides was exploited in addition reactions to aldehydes. Stoichiometric quantities of Zn(OTf)2 and NEt3 or Hiinig s base effected deprotonation of a number of alkynes which underwent smooth addition to various aldehydes to furnish the corresponding propargylic alcohols (Eq. 5) [13]. Subsequent studies revealed that apart from Zn(OTf)2 other zinc sources such as ZnCl2 and ZnC03 could be used in this reaction (Eq. 6) [14]. 

Another application of metallized films for design purposes is the generation of metallic effects (car paneling, mobile phones, furniture, architecture, gift wrapping) which can be produced economically and without significant additional weight. The benefits of the synthetic material, for example durability and flexibility, are also maintained. 

The plasma ionic liquid interface is interesting from both the fundamental and the practical point of view. From the more fundamental point of view, this interface allows direct reactions between free electrons from the gas phase without side reactions - once inert gases are used for the plasma generation. From the practical point of view, ionic liquids are vacuum-stable electrolytes that can favorably be used as solvents for compounds to be reduced or oxidised by plasmas. Plasma cathodic reduction may be used as a novel method for the generation of metal or semiconductor particles, if degradation reactions of the ionic liquid can be suppressed sufficiently. Plasma anodic oxidation with ionic liquids has yet to be explored. In this case the ionic liquid is cathodically polarized causing an enhanced plasma ion bombardment, that leads to secondary electron emission and fast decomposition of the ionic liquid. 

Urea is the sole N2- reagent reported for the synthesis of a metal nitride. The generation of metal nitride from urea requires a one-electron oxidation at the metal center, and for the cases reported in can be speculated that these involve a bimetallic intermediate (Scheme 2). 

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