General Population Survey

Pharmacogenomics and Minority Populations General Population Survey Questionnaire, 337... 

Murphy RS, Kutz FW, Strassman SC. 1983. Selected pesticide residues or metabolites In blood and urine specimens from a general population survey. Environ Health Perspect 48 81-86. 

Breath and air collected at sites in and around New York City were measured for carbon disulfide by Phillips (1992). The group tested consisted of four types (male smokers, male nonsmokers, female smokers, and female nonsmokers) with no significant divergence observed among any of the different group types (see Table 5-2). Carbon disulfide was detected in all air and breath samples taken from both indoor air and outdoor locations (see Table 5-3). A general population survey in Italy found low levels of carbon disulfide in the blood of all 208 subjects tested and in the urine of all 1,256 samples taken (Bmgnone et al. 1994). 

As part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES 111), the Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences Division of the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, will be analyzing human blood samples for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds. These data will give an indication of the frequency of occurrence and background levels of these compounds in the general population. 

In light of their high lipophilic properties, many OC compounds and some of their metabolites are detectable in adipose tissue however, this method cannot be applied to monitor occupationally exposed subjects on a routine basis because of the invasive nature of the sampling procedures. Because intact OC compounds and their metabolites are commonly found in blood and urine of the general population, comparison with appropriate reference groups or with individual pre-exposure values is recommended when surveying occupationally exposed workers. 

Cardiovascular Effects. There is currently considerable scientific debate as to whether there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and hypertension. Another area of controversy is whether African Americans are more susceptible to the cardiovascular effects of lead than are whites or Hispanics. The evidence from both occupational studies and large-scale general population studies (i.e., National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES II], British Regional Heart Study [BRHS]) is not sufficient to conclude that such a causal relationship exists between PbB levels and increases in blood pressure. The database on lead-induced effects on cardiovascular function in humans will be discussed by presenting a summary of several representative occupational studies followed by a discussion of the findings from the large-scale general population studies. 

Two large-scale general population studies, the BHRS (Pocock et al. 1984, 1985, 1988) and NHANES II (Coate and Fowles 1989 Gartside 1988 Harlan 1988 Harlan et al. 1985 Landis and Flegal 1988 Pirkle et al. 1985 Schwartz 1988), examined the relationship between PbB levels and blood pressure in men. Relationships between PbB levels and hypertension were evaluated in a clinical survey of 7,735 men, aged 40-49 years, from 24 British towns in the BHRS (Pocock et al. 1984, 1985, 1988). A small but... 

However, so far, only a few small-scale epidemiological surveys have been carried out or started to study the possible influence of the exposure to Rn-222 progeny in dwellings on the etiology of lung cancer in the general population, and the evidence of these findings is inconclusive. 

OPCS Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, General Household Survey, HMSO, London (1984). 

Kutz, F.W., B.T. Cook, O.D. Carter-Pokras, D. Brody, and R.S. Murphy. 1992. Selected pesticide residues and metabolites in urine from a survey of the U.S. general population. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 37 277-291. 

Study participation, treatment development based on, 8 Study populations, describing, 149 Subscriber agreements, 122 Succinylcholine, 60, 165, 168 Survey Questionnaire, General Population, 337-348 Susceptibility alleles, 52 Susceptibility genes, 44, 86 Susceptibility testing, 181, 306-307 Suter, Sonia, 17 Suxamethonium, 89, 139-140 Syphilis study, 68... 

General population exposure to mirex has been determined as a result of several monitoring studies (EPA 1986b Kutz et al. 1979 Stehr-Green 1989). Levels of mirex in most tissues are very low (at or near the detection limit). Examination of the 1982 National Adipose Tissue Survey failed to detect mirex in the adipose tissues of children less than 14 years old although mirex residues were detected in adults. People who live in areas where mirex was manufactured or used have higher levels in their tissues. Women who live in these areas were found to have detectable levels of mirex in their milk that could be passed on to their infants. Since mirex is no longer manufactured, occupational exposure currently is limited to workers at waste disposal sites or those involved in... 

Kutz F, Strassman S, Yobs A. 1979. Survey of pesticide residues and their metabolises in the general population of the United States. Commission of the European Communities EUR, ISS EUR 5824, Use Biol Specimens Assess Hum Exposure Environ Pollut )67-274. 

Virtually no information concerning general population or occupoational exposure was located in the literature General population exposure may come from those on phenylbutazone or sulfinpyrazone therapy, since these drugs may contain some 1,2-dipheylhydrazine (Fabre et al. 1984 Mlatsui et al. 1983). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) reported as of May 1988 that 977 total employees and 154 female employees are potentially exposed to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (100% from actual observations) (NIOSH 1988). 

The National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted by NIOSH between 1980 and 1983 estimated that 96,345 employees were exposed to fuel oil no. 2, 1,526 workers were exposed to fuel oil no. 4, and 1,076,518 employees (including 96,255 females) were exposed to kerosene in the workplace. Worker exposure was most likely in industries associated with machinery and special trade contractors. General population exposure is potentially the greatest for persons living near an area where fuel oils have been dumped and have migrated into the groundwater or when fuel oil vapor has penetrated the soil and may enter basements of buildings. 

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