General definitions and terminology

In this section these relationships will be explored in more detail with particular emphasis on the porous properties of membranes and their characterisation. Firstly we will present the general definitions and terminology used to describe porous media. The origin of porosity in inorganic materials will also be outlined and related to a quantitative description of pore structures in... 

Abstract The authors propose definitions and terminology for protocols on traceability links, generally to the international system of units, for specific chemical-analytical measurements in accordance with recognized principles of science. These definitions and terms could be useful in science, technology, commerce or law. A chain of such links leads from a measurand in a sample up to a unit in the International System of Units or, if unavailable, to a value on an internationally recognized measurement scale. The quality of such a chain is quantified by combining all recognized uncertainties estimated for all its links. These uncertainties of... 

Another important definition and terminology is the so-called application factor , which is applied for converting data from one exposure period or end point to another, e.g. from an acute EC50 (measured) to a chronic NOEC (predicted). For surfactants, application factors from 10 to 1000 are generally used when missing data for chronic toxicity have to be derived from acute toxicity tests. The stringency of the acute test influences the dimension of the application factor. 

The structural chirality of large, random supramolecular structures, spiral diffusion-limited aggregates, was analyzed by the CCM approach. It was found that classical definitions and terminologies of chirality are too restrictive for the description of such complex objects. A refined methodology and a conceptual vocabulary were developed, along with a generalized definition of chirality which takes care of supramolecular structures. The statistical significance of symmetry and chirality were defined, and applied on many examples. 

The general definition of a condensation reaction is a one that involves product formation by expulsion of water (or other small molecule) as a by-product. By this definition, activation and methylolation are also condensations. In more precise terms the chain-building process should be described as a condensation polymerization, however, in the jargon of the phenolics industry, the term condensation is usually reserved for the chain-building process. This terminology is not necessarily observed in the literature [88]. Many literature reports correctly refer to methylolation as a condensation reaction. The molecular weight development of the phenol alcohol adducts may also be classified as a step-polymerization. 

Elementary mechanical work forms were considered in Section 2.8. In the present section, we present a broader overview of the varieties of work that are commonly encountered in thermodynamic investigations. The goal is to introduce experimental techniques and operational terminology that underlie the definition and measurement of each work type. We also draw attention to formal patterns among the different forms of work that anticipate their unification with heat in a generalized energy-conservation principle. 

The present manual is based on the same general principles as those used in the Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units of the Commission on Symbols, Terminology and Units of the Division of Physical Chemistry, Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the Commission on Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Appendix II Part 1 Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Part II Heterogeneous Catalysis, and Recommendations in Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems [1-3]. 

The US FDA GLP regulations (21 CFR 58) are comprised of 11 subparts (A-K), beginning with a definition of the scope and terminology (subpart A, General Provisions), followed by minimal requirements for the following ... 

Terminology and nomenclature pertinent to psychrometry are given below. There is often considerable confusion between dry and wet basis, and between mass, molar, and volumetric quantities, in both definitions and calculations. Dry- and wet-basis humidity are similar at ambient conditions but can differ significantly at elevated humidities, e.g., in dryer exhaust streams. Complete interconversion formulas between four key humidity parameters are given in Table 12-1 for the air-water system and in Table 12-2 for a general gas-vapor system. 

The picture to this point then is the collision of hard spheres given in Figure 2.7, with energies as defined in equation (2-14) and probabilities as given in equation (2-15). How do we turn this into a reaction rate expression that is compatable with all the work done previously to get to equation (2-12) This has been done over the years, following the terminology of the theorists, in terms of yet a new quantity that is generally called the reactive cross-section. For now, let us write down the definition and worry about the physical interpretation later. Thus, we define a reactive cross-section as... 

Chapter 1. General Concepts, Classification, Terminology, and Definitions... 

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