Gene delivery techniques

Various other methods, such as DNA electrotransfer, electroporation-based gene transfer, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, peptide nucleic acids, and cell penetrating peptides, round off the currently used methods in the field of nonviral gene delivery techniques. 

This study demonstrates that in situ somatic reprogramming can stimulate proper chronotropic heart function in a large-animal model of complete heart block. The gene delivery techniques were consistent with routine clinical practice in which venous access is considered the safest route for electronic pacemaker implantation [44]. The TBX18 biological pacemaker was superior to an electronic pacemaker in its responsiveness to the circadian rhythm and autonomic regulation, showing features of the native SAN. 

A major drawback in the use of the traditional recombinant DNA techniques is the inability to insert foreign DNA in vivo. This problem has been addressed through the development of viral gene delivery techniques. In these approaches, viral-based vectors are used (retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno associated virus, etc.), which are able to infect targeted cells, and stably insert foreign DNA into the cells. This has tremendous advantages in that it can be used in vivo, and it is especially well suited to the correction of inborn errors of metabolism. As the safety and efficacy of these approaches are improved, it is quite likely that it will be possible to use this approach to manipulate other valuable metabolic pathways [31]. 

Several enveloped viruses, and some physical gene transfer techniques such as electroporation, deliver the nucleic acid into the cell by direct crossing of the cell membrane. Lipid-based, enveloped systems can do this by a physiological, selfsealing membrane fusion process, avoiding physical damage of the cell membrane. For cationic lipid-mediated delivery of siRNA, most material is taken up by endo-cytotic processes. Recently, direct transfer into the cytosol has been demonstrated to be the bioactive delivery principle for certain siRNA lipid formulations [151]. 

This question revolves around the delivery tools for the genes. The transport system or vehicles used are called vectors (gene carriers). There are two basic gene therapy techniques in vitro and in situ methods. 

Genetic Basis of Lung Cancer Gene Transfer Techniques Adenoviral Delivery Systems p53 Gene Transfer in Lung Cancer Preliminary Clinical Trials with p53 Gene Transfer in Lung Cancer Conclusions References... 

The phase II trials reported to date have primarily focused on intravascular delivery, with a few exceptions. Phase I trials of intramyocardial protein as well as gene delivery have borne promising results, Adequately powered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of intramyocardial delivery techniques are needed. Although intravenous and intracoronary delivery techniques are less invasive than... 

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