GDP

The total budget proposed is ECU 16.3 billion, which is a 3% increase in the percentage of the EU s GDP represented by the new Framework Programme compared to the previous one. 

In order to further cla.ssify these reactions, a search for reactions that transform ATP to ADP was made, resulting in 139 reactions 139 of the above 304 reactions involve the breaking of a P-0 bond in ATP, emphasizing the central importance of this bond breaking as a source of energy, An additional three reactions involve the transformation of GTP to GDP. As many reactions transferring a phosphate group... 

Ratio of total final consumption of energy to gross domestic product (GDP). Measured in metric tons of oil equivalent per 1000 of GDP at 1985 prices ... 

The total production of the U.S. paper industry in 1994 was ca 85 million metric tons with a compound aimual growth rate over the previous decade of 2.7%. The domestic production of paper and board plus imports and minus exports maintains a remarkably constant ratio with real gross domestic product in the United States. One sector of the paper industry that has grown at a higher rate than GDP is recycled papers and boards which is projected to grow at 6.8% aimuaHy. Over one-half of paperboard production in the United States is from recycled fiber, and the industry as a whole is expected to achieve 50% recovery rate for paper and board products by the end of the twentieth century (see Recycling, paper). 

Fig. 10. The receptor—G-protein sequence. An activated receptor interacts with the trimeric GDP-ligated receptor to cause an interchange of GDP by GTP and dissociation into the activated Ga—GTP (left) and G y (right) subunits. These then interact with a variety of effectors. The purpose of the activated...

According to the International Institute of Synthetic Producers (IISRP) there were 3.8 x 10 t of elastomer consumed in the United States in 1994, 27% natural mbber, and 73% synthetic mbber. Elastomer growth in the United States is 1.5% and closely follows GDP growth (1). 

Timber production in the United States is an important contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1991, timber-related activities in the United States generated -- 59,498 million (Table 7). It accounted for 2.2% of the goods and stmctures portion of GDP. Primary timber products production totaled 19,370 secondary timber-related products added 40,128 million of value in 1991. 

Table 7. Value of Primary and Secondary Timber Products and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States, 1991...

Product and GDP Million dollars Percent of total Percent of goods Percent of total... 

Ethyleneamine production capacities for 1992, broken down by geographical area and main producers in each area, are given in Table 3. Announced expansions in 1993 will increase U.S. production by 29,500 t. Several small regional producers are expected to come on-stream in the next several years. Worldwide growth for most ethyleneamines is expected to parallel GDP. Some regional and certain appHcations demands will show somewhat higher growth rates. 

Figure 13.2 Activated G protein receptors, here represented as seven red transmembrane helices, catalyze the exchange of GTP for GDP on the Gapy trimer. The then separated Ga-GTP and Gpy molecules activate various effector molecules. The receptor is embedded in the membrane, and Ga, Gpy and G py are attached to the membrane by lipid anchors, and they all therefore move in two dimensions. (Adapted from D. Clapham, Nature 379 297-299, 1996.)...

Figure 13.8 Interactions involved in the switch from the inactive GDP- (blue) to the active GTP- (green) bound forms of G from transducin. The diagram illustrates the local changes required in the switch I and II regions in order to bring the side chain of Thr 177 and the main chain N of Gly 199 into contact with the 7 phosphate of GTP. (Adapted from D. Lambright et al., Nature 369 621-628, 1994.)...

In both structures the ion is coordinated to six ligands with octahedral geometry. Four water molecules as well as the side chain oxygen atom of a serine residue from the P-loop and one oxygen atom from the (3-phosphate bind to Mg + in the GDP structure. Two of the water molecules are replaced in the GTP structure by a threonine residue from switch I and an oxygen atom from the y phosphate (similar to the arrangement shown in... 

Gq-GDP binds to the Gpy dimer through its GTPase domain in a region of the p propeller opposite to where G is bound (Figure 13.15). There are, therefore, no contacts between Gq and Gy in the heterotrimeric G py complex. The... 

Figure 13.15 Schematic diagram of the heterotrimeric Gap complex based on the crystal structure of the transducin molecule. The a suhunit is hlue with some of the a helices and (5 strands outlined. The switch regions of the catalytic domain of Gq are violet. The (5 suhunit is light red and the seven WD repeats are represented as seven orange propeller blades. The 7 subunit is yellow. The switch regions of Gq interact with the p subunit, thereby locking them into an inactive conformation that binds GDP but not GTP.

Binding to Gpy locks the flexible switch regions I and II of Ga into a conformation that firmly binds GDP but is nonproductive for GTP binding and hydrolysis. The replacement of GDP with GTP causes local but dramatic conformational changes to switch regions I and 11, as shown in the Go GTP-yS structure, which disrupt nearly all of the contacts between Gp. and Ga in the switch interface, thereby triggering release of Ga from Gpy (see Figures 13.10 and 13.11). 

The Gpy dimer appears to function as a rigid unit with critical residues positioned to interact with Ga-GDP. Whereas Ga activation proceeds through nucleotide-dependent structural reorganization, activation of Gpy occurs solely as a function of its release from Ga. As we will see, the Ga subunit acts as a negative regulator of Gpy by masking sites on the surface of Gpy that interact with downstream effector molecules. 

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