Gastrointestinal infections viral

Taterka JA, Cuff CF, Rubin DH. Viral gastrointestinal infections. Gastroenterol Qin North Am 1992 21 303-329. 

The spectrum of gastrointestinal tract infections (GTI) cover a wide spectrum from asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori gastritis to self-limiting viral gastroenteritis to food poisoning to bacterial enterocolitis to antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis to typhoid fever with sepsis and multi-organ failure. 

Guadalupe M, Sankaran S, George MD et al (2006) Viral suppression and immune restoration in the gastrointestinal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients initiating therapy during primary or chronic infection. J Virol 16 8236-8247... 

Adverse reactions. Erythromycin is remarkably nontoxic, but the estolate can cause cholestatic hepatitis with abdominal pain and fever which may be confused with viral hepatitis, acute cholecystitis or acute pancreatitis. This is probably an allergy, and recovery is usual but the estolate should not be given to a patient with liver disease. Other allergies are rare. Gastrointestinal disturbances occur frequently (up to 28%), particularly diarrhoea and nausea, but, with the antibacterial spectrum being narrower than with tetracycline, opportunistic infection is less troublesome. 

Amantadine is effective only against influenza A it acts by interfering with the uncoating and release of viral genome into the host cell. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is eliminated in the mine 3 h). Amantadine may be used orally for the prevention and treatment of infection with influenza A (but not influenza B) virus. Those most likely to benefit include the debilitated, persons with respiratory disability and people living in crowded conditions, especially during an influenza epidemic. 

In severe liver diseases, particularly in cirrhosis, but also in acute viral hepatitis, bacterial infections are frequent. (75) In approx. 25% of cases, these infections are the cause of death. If there are additional complications (e.g. gastrointestinal bleeding, protein deficiency, inva-... 

There are a number of causes including (I.) well-known hepatotoxic factors (e.g. superimposed viral infection, alcohol consumption, hepatotoxic drugs, intoxication) and (2.) endogenous factors (e.g. sepsis, variceal bleeding, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, diarrhoea, hypoxia). Acute liver failure is frequently the result of a chain of damaging events, like a vicious circle. 

Mycophenolate mofetil 500 mg 4 times a day, up to maximum of 4 g/day Gastrointestinal toxicity (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting), hematologic effects (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), viral and bacterial infections lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma can occur... 

Poliomyelitis is a contagious viral infection that usually causes asymptomatic infection but in its serious form causes acute flaccid paralysis. Poliovirus is spread via the fecal-oral route. The virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and local lymphatics. The vast majority of polio infections are subclinical and asymptomatic. Indigenous polio has been absent from the United States since 1979, and the last case in the Americas was reported in 1991. Global eradication efforts are entering the final stages, and the eradication of polio should be accomplished in the next few years. 

The principal toxicities of mycophenolate are gastrointestinal and hematologic. These include leukopenia, diarrhea, and vomiting. There also is an increased incidence of some infections, especially sepsis associated with cytomegalovirus. Tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil has been associated with devastating viral infections including polyoma nephritis. 

---