Diarrhea bacterial gastrointestinal infections

As with all drugs, the specific side effects of the quinolones must be considered when they are chosen for treatment of bacterial infections [5]. Reactions of the gastrointestinal tract and the central neivous system are the most often observed adverse effects during therapy with quinolones. It should be underlined, however, that compared with many other antimicrobials, diarrhea is less frequently observed during quinolone treatment. Antibiotic-associated colitis has been observed rarely during quinolone therapy. Similarly, hypersensitivity reactions, as observed during therapy with penicillins and other (3-lactams, is less frequently caused by quinolones. Some other risks of quinolone therapy have been defined and must be considered if a drug from this class is chosen for treatment of bacterial infections. 

Mycophenolate mofetil 500 mg 4 times a day, up to maximum of 4 g/day Gastrointestinal toxicity (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting), hematologic effects (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), viral and bacterial infections lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma can occur... 

Systemic and local immune responses, humoral and cellular, are mounted by the host but these are not associated with host protection. Necrosis of Peyer s patches, which may lead to intestinal perforation, is attributed to interaction of bacterial factors and host immune response. It is also interest that in typhoid fever there is no strong association with HIV infection, whereas in HIV infection there is an increased incidence of non-typhi Salmonella infection. Headache, pharyngitis and arthralgia may be present. Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually constipation, abdominal pain and tenderness. Other symptoms which may occur are diarrhea, the pea soup type containing inflammatory mononuclear cells. The biliary tree and liver is involved presenting cholecystitis and hepatitis. Splenomegaly may develop. 

Berberine is currently being used to treat gastrointestinal-related medical disorders due to infections including bacterial diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli and intestinal parasites. The mechanism of the antidiarrheal activity of berberine has not been described yet. According to the study performed by Baker et al., berberine significantly inhibits myoelectric activity and transit of the small intestine that appears to be partially mediated by opioid and a-adrenergic receptors, concluding that the antidiarrheal properties of berberine may be mediated, at least in part, by its ability to delay small intestinal transit [67]. 

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