Gases liquefaction

Off-shore gas liquefaction of natural gas on oil platforms is often mentioned as an example of on-site production [5]. Natural gas today is flared as its transportation is not economic. Conversion on-site by conventional reactors suffers from the large weight of the equipment. Gavriilidis et al. state that 5 kg of support are needed to support 1 kg of equipment on an oil platform ]5]. light-weight micro reactors have the potential to use the precious area of the platforms better (Figure 1.26). 

Finn AJ, Johnson GL and Tomlinson T (1999) Developments in Natural Gas Liquefaction, Hydrocarbon Process, April 47. 

Figure 6.36 Hampson-Linde gas liquefaction system schematic diagram.

Figure 6.38 is the Claude gas liquefaction system, a modification of the Hampson-Linde gas liquefaction system. The Claude system has a turbine in the expansion process to replace a part of the highly irreversible throttling process of the Hampson-Linde system. From state 1 to state 10, the Claude system processes are the same as those of the Hampson-Linde system. After the gas is cooled to state by the regenerative cooler (heat... 

Table 2.4 displays critical constants Tc, Pc, Vc and critical compressibility factor Zc for a number of common gases. (Accurate determination of the critical point is experimentally challenging, and quoted values are generally uncertain in the final decimal.) One can see from the table that many common gases (including N2, 02, and CH4) are actually supercritical fluids ( permanent gases ) under ambient temperature conditions, incapable of liquefaction by any applied pressure whatsoever. (Aspects of cryogenic gas-liquefaction techniques are discussed in Section 3.6.3.)... 

The ability to cool (and eventually liquefy) gases by adiabatic expansion underlies industrial gas liquefaction processes. Adiabatic cooling of gaseous nozzle-jet expansions is also an important technique in modem molecular beam and mass spectrometric research. Thermodynamicist John Fenn, winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, pioneered many of the techniques of adiabatic nozzle-beam cooling. 

Leaching of ores Cryo processing 100-300 aluminium (from bauxite) technical gases (N2, 02, H2, He. ..) gas liquefaction... 

The progress in natural gas liquefaction technologies may offer competitive solutions for decentralized liquid gas production that may contribute to secure the energy supply [7]. Gas-to-liquid technologies used to convert natural gas to liquid fuels are under consideration as a competitive option to export gas from remote areas to the international market. 

Aunan, B. Thermodynamic analysis of small and medium scale natural gas liquefaction cycles . Public lecture for the degree of doctor ingenior, The Norwegian University for Science and Technology, 1999... 

Gas liquefaction plants of new design that allows single-train operation (about 2.5-3 million tons per year or more) as opposed to earlier designs that required two trains (about 2.1-2.5 million tons each, 4.5-5 million total per plant). Other advances in LNG technologies (e.g. transportation and re-gasification) have also contributed to lowering the delivered cost of LNG ... 

Modem LNG technologies XIV, 77-80 Large- scale LNG facilities 80-84 Small-scale LNG production 84-92, 146-149 Non-traditional technologies for natural gas liquefaction 97-100, 149-156... 

Another cycle that has been used exclusively for large natural gas liquefaction plants is the mixed refrigerant cycle. Since this cycle resembles the classic cascade cycle in principle, it can best be understood by reference to a simplified flow sheet of that cycle presented in Fig. 6. 

Cooling curves for natural gas liquefaction by the cascade process are shown in Fig. 7a,b. It is evident that the cascade cycle efficiency can be considerably improved by increasing the number of refrigerants or the number... 

Optimization of the coiled-tube heat exchanger is quite complex. There are numerous variables, such as tube and shell flow velocities, tube diameter, tube pitch, and layer spacing. Other considerations include single-phase and two-phase flow, condensation on either the tube or shell side, and boiling or evaporation on either the tube or shell side. Additional complications come into play when multicomponent streams are present, as in natural gas liquefaction, since mass transfer accompanies the heat transfer in the two-phase region. 

Brodyanskii, V. M., "Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas-Liquefaction Processes Part I. Basic Methods of Analysis and Part II. Analysis of Air Liquefaction by Linde Process," Inzhnerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, (>, No. 7 and... 

Plate-fin heat exchangers are manufactured by assembling plates separated by corrugated sheets, which form the fins. The plates are made from aluminum sealed by brazing. The operation of these devices requires clean fluids. The main applications can be found in cryogenic and natural-gas liquefaction for pressures and temperatures up to 60 bars and 150°C. 

Refrigeration is best known for its use in the air conditioning of buildings and in the treatment, transportation, and preservation of foods and beverages. It also finds large-scale industrial use, for example, in the manufacture of ice and the dehydration of gases. Applications in the petroleum industry include lubricating-oil purification, low-temperature reactions, and separation of volatile hydro-1 carbons. A closely related process is gas liquefaction, which has important commercial applications. 

Abu Dhabi Petroleum Ports Operating Co. (IRSFIAD) Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Co. Ltd. (ADGAS)... 

---