Natural gas liquefaction

Finn AJ, Johnson GL and Tomlinson T (1999) Developments in Natural Gas Liquefaction, Hydrocarbon Process, April 47. 

The progress in natural gas liquefaction technologies may offer competitive solutions for decentralized liquid gas production that may contribute to secure the energy supply [7]. Gas-to-liquid technologies used to convert natural gas to liquid fuels are under consideration as a competitive option to export gas from remote areas to the international market. 

Aunan, B. Thermodynamic analysis of small and medium scale natural gas liquefaction cycles . Public lecture for the degree of doctor ingenior, The Norwegian University for Science and Technology, 1999... 

Modem LNG technologies XIV, 77-80 Large- scale LNG facilities 80-84 Small-scale LNG production 84-92, 146-149 Non-traditional technologies for natural gas liquefaction 97-100, 149-156... 

Another cycle that has been used exclusively for large natural gas liquefaction plants is the mixed refrigerant cycle. Since this cycle resembles the classic cascade cycle in principle, it can best be understood by reference to a simplified flow sheet of that cycle presented in Fig. 6. 

Cooling curves for natural gas liquefaction by the cascade process are shown in Fig. 7a,b. It is evident that the cascade cycle efficiency can be considerably improved by increasing the number of refrigerants or the number... 

Optimization of the coiled-tube heat exchanger is quite complex. There are numerous variables, such as tube and shell flow velocities, tube diameter, tube pitch, and layer spacing. Other considerations include single-phase and two-phase flow, condensation on either the tube or shell side, and boiling or evaporation on either the tube or shell side. Additional complications come into play when multicomponent streams are present, as in natural gas liquefaction, since mass transfer accompanies the heat transfer in the two-phase region. 

Plate-fin heat exchangers are manufactured by assembling plates separated by corrugated sheets, which form the fins. The plates are made from aluminum sealed by brazing. The operation of these devices requires clean fluids. The main applications can be found in cryogenic and natural-gas liquefaction for pressures and temperatures up to 60 bars and 150°C. 

A, 5A, and 13X zeolites are the predominant adsorbents for CO 2 removal by7 temperature-swing processes. The air fed to an air separation plant must be H20- and C02-free to prevent fouling of heat exchangers at cryogenic temperatures 13X is typically7 used here. Another application for 4A-type zeolite is for CO2 removal from baseload and peak-shaving natural gas liquefaction facilities. 

The composition of the feed to a natural gas liquefaction plant is shown in the feed stream data. The feed will be flashed at 600 psia and... 

P. S. O Neill, C. F. Gottzmann, and C. F. Terbot, Novel Heat Exchanger Increases Cascade Cycle Efficiency for Natural Gas Liquefaction, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (17) 421-437,1972. 

---