Linde processes

Claude process A process similar to the Linde process for the liquefaction of air, except that additional cooling is produced by allowing the expanding gas to do external work. 

Linde process A high-pressure process for the production of liquid oxygen and nitrogen by compression to about 200 bar (20MN/m ) followed by refrigeration and fractionation in a double column. 

For the Linde process, a material and energy balance has been produced. If the input is some 3 toimes PVC per hour, some 3,500-4,000 m combustible gas and 700 m /h HCl (STP) is produced. No dioxins or furans are expected to be generated given the reducing atmosphere. 

Claude (2) A process for fractionally distilling liquid air, based on the original Linde process but using two stages. Developed by G. Claude. 

Production of Hydrogen from Water Gas by the Linde Process... 

An alternative, and much more accurate, method for obtaining information on the interactions between molecules is the Joule-Thomson expansion, shown in Fig. 5. This process also forms the experimental basis for much of the science of cryogenics (the study of phenomena at low temperatures), which we will discuss in Chapter 4. Industrially, cryogenic liquids, such as liquid N2, 02, H2, and He, are produced by the Linde process, which uses Joule-Thomson expansions. N2 and 02 (and noble gases) are obtained in this process by producing and then... 

Linde Ammonia Concept (LAC) Plant, www.linde-process-engineering.com, Linde AG, Hoellriegelskreuth, Germany, 2001. 

Brodyanskii, V. M., "Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas-Liquefaction Processes Part I. Basic Methods of Analysis and Part II. Analysis of Air Liquefaction by Linde Process," Inzhnerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, (>, No. 7 and... 

Example 9.3 Natural gas, assumed here to be pure methane, is liquefied in a sim Linde process (Fig. 9.9). Compression is to 60 bar and precooling is to 300 K. separator is maintained at a pressure of 1 bar, and unliquefied gas at this pres leaves the cooler at 295 K. What fraction of the gas is liquefied in the process, what is the temperature of the high-pressure gas entering the throttle valve ... 

This simplest kind of liquefaction system, known as the Linde process, is shown in Fig. 9.9. After compression, the gas is precooled to ambient temperature. It may even be further cooled by refrigeration. The lower the temperature of the gas entering the throttle valve, the greater the fraction of gas that is liquefied. For example, evaporating a refrigerant in the precooler at -40(°F) gives a lower temperature into the valve than if water at 70(°F) is the cooling medium. 

The flow diagram for the Claude process, shown by Fig. 9.10, is the same as for the Linde process, except that an expansion engine or turbine replaces the... 

In this equation z is the fraction of the stream entering the heat-exchanger system that is liquefied, and x is tlie fraction of tliis stream tliat is drawn off between the heat exchangers and passing tlirough tlie expander. This latter quantity (x) is a design variable, and must be specified before Eq. (9. 7)can be solved for z- Note tliat the Linde process results when x = 0, and in tliis event Eq. (9. Zftednces to ... 

Tims tlie Linde process is a limiting case of tlie Claude process, obtained when none of tlie high-pressure gas stream is sent to an expander. 

Elemental oxygen was first isolated by C. W. Scheele in Sweden and, independently, by J. Priestley in England (1773/74). They both used the decomposition of metal oxides, nitrates, and carbonates to isolate pure dephlogistated air . The element was named oxygen by A. L. Lavoisier in 1777 who erroneously thought this element to be an essential constituent of all acids (oxygen means to form an acid ). The first industrial production of liquid oxygen by the Linde process started in 1896. 

The efficiency of this process, that is, the amount of liquefied gas produced for each unit of work done in the compressor, can be improved upon by better engineering design. For example, instead of merely discarding the low-temperature, low-pressure gas leaving the flash drum (stream 5), the gas can be used to cool the high-pressure gas upstream of the throttle valve and then returned to the compressor, so that none of the gas is wasted or exhausted to the atmosphere. This process, referred to as the Linde process, is shown in Fig. 5.1-2. In this way the only stream leaving the liquefaction plant is liquefied gas. and, as shown in Illustration 5.1-1, more liquefied gas is produced per unit of energy expended in the compressor. 

Problem 6.39 Natural gas, which you may take to be pure methane, is liquefied in the Claude process shown in Figure 6-22. The process operates between a high pressure of 30 bar and a low pressure of 1 bar. The inlet stream is at 1 bar, 20 °C, compression is to 30 bar, stream 14 is at 10 °C, the precooler uses water to cool the compressed gas to 30 °C, streams 5 and 6 are at 8 °C, and the mass flow rate in stream 2 is 10 times larger than The efficiency of the compressor and the turbine is 85%. Determine the mass, energy, and entropy balances on the basis of 1 kg of liquefied natural gas, and report the actual and ideal work. Discuss the features of this process compared to the Linde process. 

Thermal coupling of columns is often used in industrial processes since it effectively reduces the energy demand by multiple use of the external heat supplied. An interesting example is the Linde Process for air separation (Fig. 11.2-18). In this... 

Fig. 11.2-18 Simplified Linde process for air separation and argon recovery...

Linde process A process for the liquefaction of gases by the loule-Thomson effect. In this process, devised by Carl von Linde... 

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