Gas experimental

Research on water explosion inhibiting systems is providing an avenue of future protection possibilities against vapor cloud explosions. British Gas experimentation on the mitigation of explosions by water sprays, shows that flame speeds of an explosion may be reduced by this method. The British Gas research indicates that small droplet spray systems can act to reduce the rate of flame speed acceleration and therefore the consequential damage that could be produced. Normal water deluge systems appear to produce too large a droplet size to be effective in explosion flame speed retardation and may increase the air turbulence in the areas. 

CA UTION Since F2 is a highly oxidizing and toxic gas, experimenters should familiarize themselves with the precautions necessary for the safe handling of F2. The use of diluted F2 in an inert gas (N2 or argon) is considerably safer than pure F2. The apparatus used for the fluorination consisted of a 20% F2/N2 cylinder, a nitrogen cylinder, two flow meters, a Pyrex glass reactor, and valves made of stainless steel or brass. The cylinders, the flow meters, and the valves were connected with stainless steel or copper tubes. 

Kerr MK, Churchill GA. Experimental Design for Gene Expression Microarrays. Biostatistics 2001a 2 183-201. 

The differences between surface fluorination, as obtained by PEF, and bulk fluorination, as obtained by F2-gas [experimental conditions 10 bar F2 + 0.2 bar HF reaction temperature 25°C reaction duration up to 3 d] are clearly evidenced in Fig. 22 and in Table 6. The latter route gives rise to a bulk stage-1 GIC of C3 5F formulation and a repeat distance Ic 0.55 nm [100], In both cases, the surface C-to-F ratio is more or less similar 3.1 and 2.8 respectively. However, in the case of surface fluorination, F-intercalated contribution is almost absent, whereas it... 

An important part of the description of the char bed gasification is the chemical reaction kinetics of the char. In this area limited attention has been paid to inhibiting effects on the reaction kinetics of H and CO in the gas. Experimental work has demonstrated that presence of, for instance, 10 % H2 in the reactant gas inhibit the char reactivity with about 90 % compared with no content of Hz- These effects are taken into account in the presented model. 

Sc is the Schmidt number for mass-transfer properties, Pr is the Prandd number for heat-transfer properties, and Le is the Lewis number K/(Cjpg ), where K is the gas thermal conductivity and is the diffusion coefficient for the vapor through the gas. Experimental and theoretical values of the exponent n range from 0.56 [Bedingfield and Drew, Ind. Eng. Chem, 42 1164 (1950)] to = 0.667 [Chilton and Colburn, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26 1183 (1934)]. A detailed discussion is given by Keey (1992). Values of P for any system can be estimated from the specific heats, diffusion coefficients, and other data given in Sec. 2. See the example below. 

Booth et al. (1998) determined both vibrational and rotational temperatures from high-resolution absorption spectra from the CF2 radical in low-pressure capacitively coupled rf plasmas. These plasmas used C2F5 as the feed gas. Experimental band profiles were compared with simulated band profiles in order to determine a rotational temperature. Figure 21 shows an experimentally obtained CF2 spectrum and a theoretically simulated spectrum with a rotational temperature of 400 K. The absorption was measured out of the X (0,0,0) level of CF,. 

Sukchol K, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P, Sotzing GA. Experimental observation on the mixing systems and ways to significantly enhance the conductivity of pedot-sulfonated poly(imide) aqueous dispersion. Microelectron Eng 2013 111 7-13. 

As a rule, complexes with even-electron ligands, such as solvates, alkene, benzene complexes, do not produce survivor ions. This may be reversed, however, by changing the experimental conditions (target gas, experimental time frame, etc.). Sometimes, adding a ligand increases the stability of complexes. For example, neutral LFeCO showed an unexpectedly higher stability compared with FeL. ... 

Theoretical treatments discuss adsorption in terms of 1) formation of a monolayer of adsorbate on the surface, 2) formation of multilayers on plane surfaces, and 3 capillary condensation in small pores. Adsorption of a gas is considered the result of van der Waal s forces of the same type involved in its condensation. The magnitude of the interactions resulting in adsorption is indicated by the fact that heats of adsorption are generally comparable to the heat of condensation for a given gas. Experimental isotherms n ay conform over wide ranges to theoretically derived equations (as the hyperbolic isotherm) for suitable values of the constants in the equation. However, values of the constants thus obtained are often not easily related to the physical models used in the derivations. For discussion of adsorption in general and... 

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