Gangliosides mouse brain

Since interferons appear to be species-specific, we investigated whether the ganglioside fraction from mouse brain was more potent in inhibiting antiviral activity of mouse fibroblast interferon than that obtained from heterologous brain extracts. As seen in Figure 1 bovine brain gangliosides were almost as potent... 

Germany). Dialyzed upper phase samples of brain and lymphoma cells with from 30,000 to 50,000 cpm were used for each TLC plate. All radiolabeled samples were chromatographed in parellel with mouse brain ganglioside standards extracted as described above. 

Thus we were able to show that partially purified Gj ganglioside preparations (Thy-1 gl) obtained from Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 mouse brain and thymus exhibited specific Thy-1 antigenicity (Fig. la). 

Schneider JS, Smith MG, DiStefano L, Berrian L (1994) GM1 ganglioside treatment partially reverses the nigrostriatal dopamine defect in the weaver mutant mouse. Brain Res 636 353-356. 

Yamamoto A, Haraguchi M, Yamashiro S, Fuku-moto S, Funikawa K, Takamiya K, Atsuta M, Shiku H, Funikawa K (1996) Heterogeneity in the expression pattern of two ganglioside synthase genes during mouse brain development. J Neurochem 66 26-34... 

Chan, K., Lanthier, P., liu, X., Sandhu, J.K., Stanimirovic, D., and li, J. (2009) MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of gangliosides in mouse brain using ionic liquid matrix. Anal. Chim. Acta, 639, 57-61. 

Sphingolipids (sulfatide, ganglioside GM2, and asialo-GM2 (GA2)) were distinctly visible in hexb / mouse brain samples by using OCN for matrix application. These ion images clearly demonstrate that the OCN system is useful for sample preparation for imaging MALDTMS of lipids. The spatial distribution of sulfide subspecies ST dl8 l/C22 0 m/z 862.6), ST(OH) dl8 l/h22 0 m/z... 

Studies with IMS of lipids can address many specific scientific questions related to the distributions of particular types of lipids. For instance, determination of the distribution of GPL speeies containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in a particular type of cells in a mouse brain section [57] of gangliosides in different regions of the brain [73] of ST in different layers of rat hippocampus [74] and of PC and GalCer species in rat brain sections [75] has all been well addressed. 

The development of gangliosides in mouse brain has been studied from birth, and chromatographic evidence suggested the presence of a new ganglioside. There appear to be no abnormalities in the brain gangliosides of shambling mutant mice. ... 

Among the gangliosides, GM4 [ct-NeuAc-(2 — 3)-/ -Gal-(l — 0)-Cer] has a relatively simple chemical structure. It has been detected in human and chicken brain and also (119) as a major ganglioside of mouse erythrocytes, chicken-embryonic liver, and egg yolk. With the help of the azidosphingo-sine glycosylation it has been synthesized very efficiently from the neuraminic acid-containing galactosyl donor 11a-/ (Table XI) (120-122). Similarly the thio isomer was obtained from lib-/ and (120,123) the positional isomer from llc-a. 

In contrast to this work on whole brain, Kemp and Stoolmiller138 used cultured mouse-neuroblastoma cells for their study of incorporation of [ lH]2-acetamido-2-deox> -D-mannose into the sialic acid moiety of gangliosides. They were able to demonstrate clearly the precursor-product relationship among CMS, GM2, and GM1. They found that cultured NB41A cells incorporated [3H]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-man-nose into the sialic acid moiety of GM3 in less than 10 minutes. Labeled GM2 was not detected in cells incubated for less than 30 minutes, and measurable activity did not appear in G I1 until alter 60 to 90 minutes. These results further supported the concept that the pathway of synthesis of ganglio-tvpe gangliosides proceeds by way of GM3 —> GM2 — GM1. 

Figure 1. Effects of mouse ( ) and bovine (Q) brain gangliosides on antiviral activity of mouse fibroblast interferon...

Cells were grown in RPMI medium plus 5 % fetal bovine serum in 1 mL total volume as described in Materials and Methods. At 24-hr intervals the cells were counted in a Coulter counter. Control cells 0, cells from cultures containing 1000 lU/mL mouse fibroblast interferon , cells from cultures containing bovine brain gangliosides at a concentration corresponding to 35 p.M sialic acid , cells from cultures containing both interferon (1000 IU/mL) and gangliosides (35 p.M sialic acid). 

Marcus et al. reported that anti GM1 ganglioside antibody can be used as a T cell marker (11, 12, 13). In collaboration with Tada s group of the University of Tokyo we very recently found that antibody to asialoganglio-side GM1 specifically labels mouse natural killer cells and that the antibody selectively kills the cells in the presence of complement (14). Natural killer cells are known by their specific ability to attack tumor cells. We also have evidence that certain gangliosides are capable of eliciting autoimmune diseases experimentally which we called the ganglioside syndrome (JJ5). For example, some brain gangliosides produce autoimmune lesions in peripheral nerve in susceptible rabbits. This may correspond to the human... 

GlcT (UDP-glucose A-acylsphingosine D-glucosyltransferase) transfers glucose from UDP-Glc to ceramide in brain tissues, which is the first step in biosynthesis of the major gangliosides except GM4 (O Fig. 1). The cDNA of GlcT has been cloned from human [96], mouse [97], and... 

Palestini, P., Sonnino, S., Tettamanti, G. (1991). Lack of the ganglioside molecular species containing the C20-long-chain bases in human, rat, mouse, rabbit, cat, dog, and chicken brains during prenatal life. J Neu-rochem, 56,2048-2050. 

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