Gadolinium properties

The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1 percent gadolinium improves the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. 

See W. F. Giauque and D. P. MacDougall, "Experiments Establishing the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale below 1 =K. The Magnetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Gadolinium Phosphomolybdate as a Function of Field and Temperature". J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 376-388 (1938). 

Introduction. The water-tickling magnetic properties of the gadolinium (III) ion, with its seven unpaired electrons, have placed it in the forefront of medical... 

Table 7.3 Properties of Some Gadolinium(III) MRI Imaging Agents... 

The relaxation of certain 13C nuclei in some uronic acids and derivatives is affected by Gd3+. For example, on addition of gadolinium nitrate to solutions of heparin or dermatan sulfate in D20, the C-l and C-6 signals of the uronic acid residues are selectively diminished. This property would be expected from a-L-idopyranosyluronic acid residues, as the C-l and C-6 signals of sodium a-D-idopyranuronate are similarly lessened in intensity, whereas those of the j8 anomer are... 

Gadolinium-dendrimer conjugates have been used as blood pool contrast agents in vivo for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors [65]. The efficacy of the conjugates in such applications is dependent on their biodistribution properties, and these properties vary as a function of dendrimer molecular weight and chemical composition [50]. Dendrimer architecture and synthesis... 

In particular for fullerenes, antioxidant properties and photodynamic activity are presented in detail, together with the analysis of gadolinium endohedrals as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Moreover, drag delivery based on carbon nanomaterials has been illustrated. 

The requirements for a successful agent for the removal of radioactive actinides from the body are even more stringent than for the use of lanthanides in diagnosis. For gadolinium it is necessary that the hydroxypyridinonate complex is very stable, to avoid significant release of toxic Gd (aq), is sufficiently soluble, and has an appropriate HLB. For actinide elimination it is also necessary for the chelator to be sufficiently soluble and to have suitable targeting properties. It is also desirable that the chelator does not have such a... 

After the discovery of plutoninm and before elements 95 and 96 were discovered, their existence and properties were predicted. Additionally, chemical and physical properties were predicted to be homologous (similar) to europium (gjEu) and gadolinium ( Gd), located in the rare-earth lanthanide series just above americium (gjAm) and curium ((,jCm) on the periodic table. Once discovered, it was determined that curium is a silvery-white, heavy metal that is chemically more reactive than americium with properties similar to uranium and plutonium. Its melting point is 1,345°C, its boihng point is 1,300°C, and its density is 13.51g/cm. ... 

Bray KL (2001) High Pressure Probes of Electronic Structure and Luminescence Properties of Transition Metal and Lanthanide Systems. 213 1-94 Briicher E (2002) Kinetic Stabilities of Gadolinium(III) Chelates Used as MRI Contrast Agents. 221 103- 122... 

Most properties are similar to the rare-earth analog gadolinium that has If electrons. The trivalent oxidation state (Cm3+) is most stable. The metal is reactive, being more electropositive than aluminum. 

Ga Dft, vibrational properties, 41 203, 205 Gadolinium carbides, 11 200-201 chloride, chain structure, 20 23 diiodide, 20 4... 

Of all the properties of the rare earths that contribute to their many and varied applications one that ranks of special interest is the extremely high thermal neutron capture cross-section associated with the elements gadolinium, samarium, europium and dysprosium, see Table IV. 

As one might expect, the nuclear industry has not been slow to put this property to good use and today gadolinium, in the form of its oxide, is an essential component of certain fuel systems where it is employed as a burnable poison, providing rapid core control under emergency conditions. 

In 1901 Eugene-Anatole Demargay in Paris showed that the samples of samarium and gadolinium produced until that time harboured yet another rare-earth element, which he named generously after all of Europe europium. This element is in fact one of the most naturally abundant of the group the Earth s crust contains twice as much europium as tin. It is harvested today largely for a very special and useful property its emission of very pure red and blue light. 

Mono- and bimetallic lanthanide complexes of the tren-based macrobicyclic Schiff base ligand [L58]3- have been synthesized and structurally characterized (Fig. 15), and their photophysical properties studied (90,91). The bimetallic cryptates only form with the lanthanides from gadolinium to lutetium due to the lanthanide contraction. The triplet energy of the ligand (ca. 16,500 cm-1) is too low to populate the terbium excited state. The aqueous lifetime of the emission from the europium complex is less than 0.5 ms, due in part to the coordination of a solvent molecule in solution. A recent development is the study of d-f heterobimetallic complexes of this ligand (92) the Zn-Ln complexes show improved photophysical properties over the homobinuclear and mononuclear complexes, although only data in acetonitrile have been reported to date. 

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