Gadolinium thermodynamic properties

See W. F. Giauque and D. P. MacDougall, "Experiments Establishing the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale below 1 =K. The Magnetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Gadolinium Phosphomolybdate as a Function of Field and Temperature". J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 376-388 (1938). 

As more and more experimental results on the formation constants and the thermodynamic properties were obtained, it became positively clear that the region of the gadolinium break is not confined in gadolinium and that it may start as early as samarium and may extend upto dysprosium. This is exemplified in some representative plots of the formation constants in Fig. 3. It is obvious that in some cases severe gadolinium break has been observed. 

Holleck, H., 1977, J. Less-Common Met. 52, 167. HuberJr, E.J., C.E. Holley Jr and N.H. Krikorian, 1973, in The Enthalpies of Formation of Some Gadolinium Carbides, LA-UR-73-694 (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, NM 87544). Hultgren, R., PD. Desai, D.T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K.K Kelley and D.D. Wagman, 1973, in Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements (American Society for Metals, Metal Park, OH). 

Lundin and Yamamoto (1967) investigated the samarium-gadolinium system as part of a program to further the understanding of alloy formation, in particular to elucidate the effect of the difference in crystal structures on the various thermodynamic properties. 

Gadolinium ions are highly toxic in their hydrated form [Gd(H20)g] +. In vivo, Gd + ions compete with calcium ions and block the reticuloendothelial system. To avoid this toxicity, gadolinium is complexed with an organic thermodynamically stable matrix, (see Lanthanide Complexes with Multidentate Ligands, Organometallic Chemistry Fundamental Properties, Lanthanides Coordination Chemistry) In addition, ligands that allow coordination sites for one (or more) water molecule(s) ate preferred since they increase... 

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