Future trends deposition

T. Venkatesan, Pulsed Laser Deposition - Future Trends. In Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, ed. by D.B. Chrisey, G.H. Hubler (Wiley, New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore 1994) pp 313-326... 

Diamond s properties make it the desirable material in thermal, optical, electrical, electronics, and mechanical applications. It has not been exploited to its maximum potential. Future trends are toward applications in medicine, biology, and the nuclear field. These fields already have applications that use diamond but continuous improvements are being made through research. Diamond is a strong candidate as a substitute for materials currently being used in a variety of applications. Although implementation may be deterred by cost factors or technical issues, the development of new deposition techniques may overcome this limitation. Deposition techniques and a higher control of processes surely will help to launch more sophisticated electronic applications that eventually will realize diamond s superior performance over other materials. 

FIGURE 23.5 Schematic reconstruction of mean global surface temperature through the last 100 million years, based on analyses of various marine and terrestrial deposits. Predictions of future trends represent an assumption of substantial utilization of the fossil fuel reservoir. [Modified from Crowley (1990) and presented by Crowley (1996).]... 

In Ref [170] are reviewed the future trends for interlayer dielectric films production and their formation technologies in ULSI multilevel interconnections. The properties of the interlayer dielectric films and their preparation technologies should satisfy the following three requirements (1) available for disposition (setting) on large surface (2) low dielectric constant (3) low deposition temperature. Two techniques have been developed for the selective deposition of Si02-films which is the best way for achieving a complete planarization of the interlayer surface of dielectric... 

Another important consideration pertains to the metal content of the deposit. A deposit with a content of iron of about 20% can have little value as an iron ore since there are several deposits with 30-50% iron. Earlier, a copper ore with a minimum of 5% copper was regarded or accepted as a copper ore. However, today, thanks to advancements in technology, rocks with as little as 0.5% copper are mined and processed economically despite the fact that the price of copper, in comparison with those of some other metals, might be showing a downward trend. It is possible that in the future, other resources, which are not considered to be worth exploiting today (such as the manganese nodules or the clays), would become acceptable ores for manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt, and aluminum. 

The Great Lakes have served as a focal point for PCB research. This research has provided an understanding of the processes controlling fate and transport of PCBs, and has led to the development of models than can be applied to other contaminants and water bodies. The processes of atmospheric deposition and net sediment accumulation are described adequately in these models, but the exchange at the sediment-water interface and seasonal depositional patterns need further improvements. While concentrations have declined in air, water and sediments over the last decade, trends in fish indicate a slowing or stopping of such a decline. Thus future research efforts should address the bioaccumulation process and foodweb dynamics, and the physical processes mentioned above. 

Based on the current trends, it is believed that electroless deposition of metals, alloys, and compounds for various biomedical applications will significantly grow in the future. 

Future molecules from the biotechnology industry may be very expensive, and thus it is essential to maximise lung deposition even with the use of somewhat large devices. The cost element may also drive the device to unit dose, which is against the trend for asthma/COPD. 

Sediments and biota remain priorities for future CP monitoring according to risk assessments. Analysis of dated sediment cores from Europe and from Asia would help assess the current and past deposition in aquatic environments. Temporal trends of CPs in biota need to be studied and there are a number of wildlife and human tissue banks that could supply suitable samples. While there has been much focus on levels in biota in aquatic environments, more work is needed on levels in terrestrial biota to follow up the early work that demonstrated high concentrations in herbivores. This should include more measurements of human tissue samples (blood, mother s milk) given the potential for human exposure via house dust, vegetation, and meat of herbivorous animals. 

Thus the statistical pattern is governed by the political development in Eastern Europe. During the cold war East European countries had no excess to the major producers of synthetic zeolites thus they developed technologies to use their abundant natural deposits for catalytic applications. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, accompanied by a political and economic crisis, led to a decrease of research activity in this field. The slight recovery of this trend in recent time is associated with an increased number of English papers written by East Europeans (lift of the iron curtain). One may extrapolate that in the future natural zeolites will become less important for catalytic applications. 

This chapter describes the history of another anthropogenic threat to biodiversity conservation,—the atmospheric deposition of air-bome pollutants—in relation to one conservation organization. The Nature Conservancy. As a single case study, it is symbolic of a growing trend in conservation. An ever-increasing body of science more accurately and directly links the consequences of human society s actions to the very natural resources upon which we depend for survival. As this evidence mounts, it calls into question the past actions and future roles and responsibilities that conservation organizations must play to conserve not only biodiversity for its intrinsic value, but also the essential ecological services provided by natural resources that are central to our very survival. 

Possible trends in future research and development of fdasma deposition rtf organic films will also be outlined. 

Multi-purpose CFD codes are nowadays a frequently used and well accepted tool in academia and industry. Already the available standard codes must be regarded as powerful tools that can be successfully applied to various technical disciplines including combustion processes. In this field at present the real value in CFD calculations lies in predicting trends that occur when operational conditions are changed. This statement is true for the above presented ash deposition predictions as well as for the NO emission predictions and is validated for both cases with experimental data. However, in the future the real power of CFD codes lays in the possibility to extend and adjust them with process specific data to tailor-made tools applicable to address individual technical problems and specific questions. The successfully developed and validated simplified black liquor droplet combustion model presented in this paper proves this assessment. 

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