Functions homologous

It is important to note that the similarities of tertiary structure within these groups do not necessarily reflect similar or even related functions. Instead, functional homology usually depends on structural similarities on a smaller and more intimate scale. 

A two-step procedure was required for the preparation of a diverse set of pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives. The diketone 15 was prepared using a functional homologation of a 6-ketoester 14 with different aldehydes followed by oxidation with PCC. The Paal-Knorr reaction was carried out in AcOH in a sealed tube under microwave irradiation (180 °C, 5-10 min) to give differently substituted pyrroles with a COOMe group in position 3 (Scheme 5). This group was further transformed to expand the diversity of the products prepared with this method [32]. 

Lehner, C. F., and O Farrell, P. H. (1990a). Drosophila cdc2 homologs a functional homolog is coexpressed with a cognate variant. EMBO J. 9 3573-3581. 

Beach, D., Durkacz, B. and Nurse, P. (1982) Functionally homologous cell cycle control genes in budding and fission yeast. Nature, 300 (5894), 706-709. 

The organism listed for each DUB refers either to where it was discovered or where the work characterizing the deletion strain and function was performed. DUBs with multiple organism identifiers are either highly similar in sequence in each organism or functional homologs. An unknown deletion phenotype indicates that a deletion, knockout, or knockdown of a particular DUB has yet to be generated. No detectable phenotype indicates that a deletion strain has been made, but no phenotypes were observed. 

Cyanobacteria can synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or by photophosphorylation, although they have neither mitochondria nor chloroplasts. The enzymatic machinery for both processes is in a highly convoluted plasma membrane (see Fig. 1-6). Two protein components function in both processes (Fig. 19-55). The proton-pumping cytochrome b6f complex carries electrons from plastoquinone to cytochrome c6 in photosynthesis, and also carries electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c6 in oxidative phosphorylation—the role played by cytochrome bct in mitochondria. Cytochrome c6, homologous to mitochondrial cytochrome c, carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in cyanobacteria it can also carry electrons from the cytochrome b f complex to PSI—a role performed in plants by plastocyanin. We therefore see the functional homology between the cyanobacterial cytochrome b f complex and the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex, and between cyanobacterial cytochrome c6 and plant plastocyanin. 

Way, M., Pope, B., and Weeds, A. G. (1992). Evidence for functional homology in the F-actin binding domains of gelsolin and alpha-actinin Implications for the requirements of severing and capping. J. Cell Biol. 119, 835-842. 

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide, 7649 Da, with structural homology to proinsulin. It binds preferentially to IGF-1 receptors on the surface of target cells. It has a lower affinity for insulin receptors. The receptors for insulin and IGF-1 share some structural and functional homology. IGF-1 is produced in the liver and in other organs in response to growth hormone action. IGF-1 that reenters the circulation is bound to... 

The fly antennal lobe contains at least 43 glomeruli which are likely to be the functional homologs of glomeruli in the vertebrate olfactory bulb (Laissue et al.,... 

Alessi, D.R., Deak, M., Casamayor, A., Caudwell, F.B., Morrice, N., Norman, D.G., Gaffney, P., Reese, C.B., MacDougall, C.N., Harbison, D., et al. (1997). 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) structural and functional homology with the Drosophila DSTPK61 kinase. Curr Biol 7, 776-789. 

Amos LA, van den Ent F, Lowe J (2004) Structural/functional homology between the bacterial and eukaryotic cytoskeletons. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16 24-31 Andersson SG, Karlberg O, Canback B, Kurland CG (2003) On the origin of mitochondria a genomics perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358 165-177 discussion 177-179... 

Are plant PLCs functional homologs of the novel PLC family ... 

Omer, C.A., Krai, A.M., Diehl, R.E., Prendergast, G.C., Powers, S., Allen, C.M., Gibbs, J.B., and Kohl, N.E. (1993). Characterization of recombinant human farnesyl-protein transferase cloning, expression, farnesyl diphosphate binding, and functional homology with yeast prenyl-protein transferases. Biochemistry 32 5167-5176. 

The CFi complex is composed of five different polypeptides in all plants examined so far. There is some variation in the reported values of the polypeptides from different plants, and, although some of the variation may be due to the use of different electrophoretic techniques, there appear to be real differences in the sizes of some of the individual polypeptides. The sizes of the polypeptides of wheat CF, are a, 58 kDa /3, 57kDa y, 38 kDa S, 25 kDa and e, 14 kDa [141]. There appears to be considerable variation in the size of the S subunit, which is reported to be 19.5 kDa in spinach [142]. The sizes of the polypeptides of CFj are similar to those of the E. coli Fj, and it appears that the chloroplast and bacterial polypeptides are structurally and functionally homologous [143]. The stoichiometry of the polypeptides of CF, is believed to be 3a 3j8 ly 15 le, as in E. coli. 

Loeb, D. D., Hutchison, C. A., Edgell, M. H., Farmerie, W. G., and Swanstrom, R.(1989). Mutational analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease suggests functional homology with aspartic proteinases. y. Virol. 63, 111-121. 

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