FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

In terms of activity there seems little to prevent some of these compounds finding a place in therapy, especially those such as SCH 29482, SUN 5555, and FCE 25199 which have oral absorption properties. However, as is the case for the carbapenems, some penems ate extensively metabolized by human renal dehydropeptidase-1 enzyme (144). Although no penem has received approval for clinical use as of this writing, expectations ate high that future research and development will change that. 

Prior to reviewing the specific indications and agents which are presently available for use, it may be helpful to create a construct which can be used to identify the specific characteristics of an ideal agent [3] in order to help evaluate the present agents and the directions in which future research and development will proceed. Specifically, a construct can consist of five different categories. 

What recommendations do we have for future research and development ... 

The expenditure, and potential savings estimated by the UK Committee on Corrosion for a variety of industries are shown in Table 9.1. The savings shown are those which could be made by better use of available knowledge, and do not include the potential benefit of future research and development. The costs referred to are mainly those arising in the industries concerned, or, in certain cases, sustained by users of the products because of the need for protection, maintenance and replacement of the materials of construction. In the oil and chemical industries the costs of using corrosion resistant... 

Chewable tablets and sprinkle capsule formulations have been very well received by both patients and their parents for use in children with full dentition (older than 3 years, [75-77]. This is potentially a very fruitful area for future research and development. Pharmaceutical preparations developed for administration to young children need to have consistent bioavailability when administered with food [78]. 

The polyphosphazenes are high molecular weight polymers with a wide range of novel and potentially useful properties. The large number of different pendant groups with widely varied functionality which can be attached to the P-N backbone demonstrate the unusual molecular design potential of this class of polymers. Undoubtedly, some of these will hold promise for future research and development. 

P-N backbone demonstrate the unusual molecular design potential of this class of polymers. Undoubtedly, some of these will hold promise for future research and development. 

The present chapter discusses aspects, known by the authors, of (a) biomass as feedstock, (b) the concept of bio-refinery, (c) thermochemical routes from lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, and (d) the contribution of catalytic technology. The main focus will be on the catalytic conversion of fast pyrolysis oil into fuels with regard to problems encountered currently and the challenges for future research and development. 

I know that I speak for all of their many friends when I take this opportunity to wish Drs. Loeb and Sourirajan continued good health and, if possible, even more success in their future research and development efforts. 

Among the variety of techniques that could be developed for ocean measurements in the future, research and development in several areas seems to hold promise to improve capabilities for ocean measurements, including... 

In 1980, video signals were carried by optical fibers 2 4 miles (4 kilometers) for the Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, New Yotk. The first long-haul intercity installations (AT T, Washington-New York New York-Boston) were made in 1983. After that, the capacity of fiber optic transmission systems increased exponentially. Despite this progress, the fundamental limits predicted by the physics of photonics materials, devices, and systems have not yet been approached (Kogelnik). The challenge of future research and development continues to be a fuller exploitation of the ultimate capacity of optical fibers. 

There is a vast amount of published information available for anyone interested in molecular imprinting, from historical perspective to current and future research and development in the field. This is complemented with proactive workshops, conferences and discussions groups around the world. Much of the information is also available on the Internet, together with other electronic products (e.g. CD-ROMs). In this context, further information can be obtained in... 

Howell, J.A. (2002) Future research and developments in the membrane field. Desalination, 144, 127—131. 

Microwave heating techniques have been widely used in textile chemistry. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of microwave technologies and industrial applications. The characteristics of microwave interactions with textile materials are outlined together with microwave fundamentals in the heat-setting process. Further more, the limitations in current imderstanding are included as a guide for potential users and for future research and development activities. 

For reaching all the objectives described above, the future research and development in optical biosensors must focus on the following key points. 

The question then arises, "Is it possible to tailor new, more powerful, and more selective extractants for the actinide element " The answer must certainly be yes, A wealth of information now exists as a basis for future research and development in new extraction systems, and the possibilities have hardly been touched. It does appear, however, that a more organized approach to the problem will be required than has been typical in the past. The systematic changes to be made in the structure of extractant molecules, using past experience as a basis, will require the cooperation of synthetic organic chemists and solvent extraction chemists. Such efforts should be pursued more intensively in the future. 

Amount of Information Delivered. There are two barriers here, one in the single-analyte focus of IA which predudes its use as a multi-residue screen or even to cover all metabolites of a single toxicant, and the other is in the limited information contained in the final IA color or fluorescence intensity. For multi-residue screens, IAs have a limited role through such techniques as test batteries (several IAs in an integrated format) or antibody miring. These are reasonable fields for future research and development. As far as information delivery is concerned, this limitation of IA will disappear when IA is coupled with conventional resolution techniques such as HPLC. The use of affinity columns and immobilized antibody-based detectors will produce a chromatogram with the peripheral vision analysts have come to expect from GC and HPLC. 

The first edition of this book was written in 1992. At that time it was not obvious that the pace of filler development was accelerating. In the intervening 6 years, much has been done and there are many new filler products on the market and under development. These have opened new and exciting business opportunities which formulators and marketing managers have exploited in a wide range of new products. The new edition of the book covers many of these developments and discusses the potential for future research and development. What was dealt with only as a passing reference in the fust edition now requires a chapter to do it justice. 

Part I covers preparation for hazard evaluation studies. Identification methods and results, evaluation techniques, followup considerations, and future research and development Part II contains worked examples. 

Straightforward implementation protocols which are apphcable to the vast majority of product proteins. Future research and development in the area of BE VS will hkely shift from culture medium design and process engineering to metabolic engineering for more efficient nutrient utilization [55] and/or production of mammahan-hke gly-cosylation profiles [56] (see Part IV, Chapters 2 and 7). A new era of genetically optimized insect cells and baculoviral vectors will almost certainly boost the success of previous process engineering investigations, and this may eventually result in BE VS-produced biopharmaceuticals. 

Table VII distributes automotive topcoat usage by type, with predictions for 1987. The progression from low-solids, high-emission coatings to high-solids systems is shown. Research and development of HS-E are active at each of the auto companies and at every major coatings supplier and raw materials producer. Certainly, problems such as specific polymer design and cross-linker choice still exist—as well as application, flow, and aluminum flake orientation. However, current and future research and development should reduce these problems rapidly to manageable levels.

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