Fungicide pentachlorophenol

Then there are a number of pesticides, e.g. the phenolic herbicide dinoseb and the fungicide pentachlorophenol, whose speciation varies strongly in the environmental pH-range. For this reason, one has to consider the pwhen estimating their environmental fate. Structures of the compounds discussed in this section are depicted in Table 1, together with a listing of their pand octanol-water partition coefficients, Kow, of the neutral species (unless otherwise indicated). Typical basic pollutants include the industrial chemicals aniline and jV.jV-dimethylaniline. 

The fungicide pentachlorophenol can also be contaminated with dioxins. Dioxins will be discussed further in Chapter 5. 

Chlorine-based intermediates including methyl chloride, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, and chlorobenzenes are used in the production of a wide spectrum of pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides, fumigants) and fungicides. Pentachlorophenol is used as a wood preservative. 

Pentachlorophenol, a large-volume fungicide and wood preservative, contains relatively high levels of hexa-, hepta- and octachlorodibenzodioxins and essentially no tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins [83-85] and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin incineration of materials containing chlorophenols readily produces mixtures of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, but 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is a minor component. On the other hand, the highly toxic 1,2,3,7,8-pentachloro isomer is a major component of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans usually produce mixtures of distinctly different relative component abundances [83], On the other hand, the preferential accumulation of certain isomers in animals may prevent source identification from analyses of biological samples. 

Pentachlorophenol(PCP) is a versatile pesticide widely used as an insecticide, herbicide or fungicide. In Japan, PCP was produced approximately 15,000 ton/year from 1962 to 1970 and used mostly in the summer-time as a herbicide in paddyfields which were filled with water at a depth of few inches. The PCP applied to paddyfields easily flowed out of the fields to rivers and coastal area due to unexpected heavy rainfalls, resulting in a high mortality of fish and shellfish. The use of PCP in Japan was restricted in 1971 by the Government because of its high toxicity to fish. 

Uses Manufacture of pentachlorophenol seed fungicide wood preservative. Hexachlorobenzene has not been produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982 (Pavlostathis and Pryutula, 2000). 

C. Chlorophenols. Chlorophenols have been extensively used since the 1930 s as insecticides, fungicides, mould inhibitors, antiseptics and disinfectants. The annual production volume is estimated to be in the order of 150 000 tons. In the US penta-chlorophenol is the second heaviest in use of all pesticides (38). The most important use of 2,U,6-tri, 2,3,, 6-tetra- and pentachlorophenol (or their salts) is for wood protection. Penta-chlorophenol is also used as a fungicide for slime control in the manufacture of paper pulp and for a variety of other purposes such as in the tanning process of leather and an additive in cutting oils and fluids, paint, glues and out-door textiles. 

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been used as an insecticide, a fungicide, defoliant, herbicide and wood preservative. As a street drug of abuse it is known as angel dust. PCP is a metabolic stimulant and has caused deaths from hypothermia. It can also produce peripheral motor neuropathies when absorbed via the skin. 

The chlorinated phenols, particularly pentachlorophenol (Figure 16.7) and the trichlorophenol isomers, have been widely used as wood preservatives. Applied to wood, these compounds prevent wood rot through their fungicidal action and prevent termite infestation because of their insecticidal properties. Both cause liver malfunction and dermatitis. Contaminant polychlorinated dibenzodiox-ins may be responsible for some of the observed effects. 

In presence of an excess of hydrazine, denitration occurs, probably because of the reducing action of this reagent. Pentachloronitrobenzene (a well known fungicide Terraclor ) hydrolyses to form pentachlorophenol or its ethers ... 

A number of chlorinated phenols are also important as fungicides. These include pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, and trichlorophenol. In addition, organic mercurials have been in use for years. A few compounds of this class are shown in Figure 9. Some of these compounds are water-soluble and are used as slimicides in paper mills most are insoluble and are used to control soil-borne diseases. Some also have comparatively... 

SYNS DOW DORMANT FUNGICIDE DOWICIDE G-ST NAPCLOR-G PENTACHLOROPHENATE SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOL, SODIUM SALT PENTACHLOROPHENOXY SODIUM PENTAPHEN-ATE SANTOBRITE SODIUM PCP SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE (DOT) SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOL SODIUM PENTACHLORO-PHENOLATE SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOXIDE WEEDBEADS... 

The majority of phenols, especially those containing chlorine, are too phytotoxic to permit their use as agricultural fungicides. They are widely used as industrial fungicides. Cresols contribute to the fungicidal action of creosote which is used as a timber preservative. Pentachlorophenol, another chlorinated phenol, and its esters are widely used as industrial biocides for the protection of such materials as wood and textiles. 

Pentachlorophenol Because of its good fungicidal, pesticidal and preservative properties, pentachlorophenol (PCP) is frequently used for industrial and domestic purposes. Numerous cases of intoxication, even via bath water, with considerable liver damage are known. Infant fatalities have been reported after nappies were washed with PCP. (77)... 

Pentachlorophenol was used extensively as an insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, and wood preservative. Since 1984, use of pentachlorophenol in the United States has been restricted to certified pesticide applicators. It is still used industrially as a wood preservative for utility poles, railroad ties, and wharf pilings. 

TCDD has no commercial uses but is found as a contaminant. TCDD is present in certain herbicide and fungicide formulations such as 1,4,5-T and in pentachlorophenols. As noted above, it is an unwanted contaminant created by incineration and was a contaminant in Agent Orange. 

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