Fungicide chemical structure

Synonym 3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-2-[(l,l,2,2-tetra-chloroethyl)thio]-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Ceass Phthali-mide fungicide Chemical Structure ... 

Within the past ten years, the market introduction of several new types of fungicides has significantly improved the prospects of controlling the Oomycetes. They belong to five different chemical classes the carbamates, the isoxazoles, the cyanoacetamide oximes, the etheyl phosphonates, and the acylalanines and related compounds. The chemical structures of those chemicals that have reached the commercial level are shown in Figures 3-5 (29, revised). Trade names, formulations and first reports are summarized in Table II (29, revised). The biological characteristics of these new fungicides and their impact on disease control have been reviewed by several authors (10, 16, 27, 28, 29, 33). 

Effects of 3-hydroxy isoxazoles as soil fungicides in relation to their chemical structure. Am. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 40. 

Dinitrophenols are used as fungicides, herbicides, or insecticides. The fungicidal, herbicidal, or insecticidal properties depend on minor differences in the chemical structures of the different dinitrophenol compounds. Several dinitrophenol compounds have more than one pesticidal use. The pesticidal use of one dinitrophenol, dinoseb, was eliminated in the United States in 1986. There has recently been a voluntary cancellation of all US product registrations for the fungicide/miticide Dinocap. 

Andrew V. Farnham Previously worked at the Department of Insecticides and Fungicides, Rothamsted Experimental Station. UK, on insecticide resistance and the relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity of pyrethroids. 

Even if the phytoalexins so far isolated have little commercial utility, it is still possible that useful substances may yet appear. But the more exciting possibility is that consideration of the chemical structures of natural phytoalexins and of their modes of action against fungal infections may provide clues for the development of synthetic pesticides. The complexity of the chemical structures of the natural phytoalexins may make them uneconomical to manufacture but a comparison should be made with the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. The natural pyrethrums have complex chemical structures but simpler compounds, economical to manufacture, have been developed on the basis of the structures of natural pyrethrums and many of these have much more desirable properties for use in agriculture than the natural substances. There would seem to be no reason why simpler compounds based on the structures of natural phytoalexins should not provide synthetic fungicides as important and useful as the synthetic pyrethroids. This is a future challenge for the synthetic organic chemists in this area. 

Another class of fungicides recently encountered in groundwater are the ethylene-bi s-dithiocarbamates (EBDC s) (28). These compounds are often salts of metals and the names and chemical structures of some of them are shown ... 

This volume contains references to members of several classes of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and microbial inhibitors. The following appendix displays common names, chemical names, and chemical structures for most of the chemicals discussed in the preceding chapters. 

In this chapter, a rationale of the structure-activity relationships of various series of bioactive secondary metabolites from Indo-Pacific marine invertebrates is reviewed. These include alkaloids, terpenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers which were subjected to a series of bioassays in search for insecticidal, antibacterial, fungicidal, and cytotoxic lead compounds. From these various biotests, it was observed that the bioactivity of an analogue is not due to general toxicity but rather possesses a degree of specificity on a particular target biomolecule. The relationship between chemical structures and biological activity is related to the specific action of a compound. 

A number of natural biopolymers containing pesticide active groups have been in the market for the purpose of developing ideal controlled release formulations for fungicides and herbicides. These biopolymers have been derived by natural exudation. Several factors appear to be important in governing the rates of release of active moieties. These factors include environmental conditions as well as the effects of the biopolymers compositions, properties and chemical structures, and the simulated conditions necessary to prolong the activity under suboptimal conditions such as the pH and temperature. 

Broadly speaking, pesticides include many different chemical structures and are used to control pest plants and animals. They are generally classi-hed according to their target as follows insects (insecticides), nematodes (nematicides), mollusks (molluscicides), weeds (herbicides), bacteria (bactericides), fungi (fungicides), and so on. 

Triazoxide belongs to the chemical class of 1,2,4-benzotriazines and was discovered in 1978 by Bayer [57]. The lUPAC chemical name is 7-chloro-3-(lH-imi-dazol-l-yl)-l,2,4-benzotriazine-l-oxide (CAS-RN. 72459-58-6). Although there are other 1,2,4-benzotriazine-l-oxides with fungicidal activity known from the literature, triazoxide is the only one to have been commercialized. Figure 21.5 shows the chemical structure of triazoxide. 

The minimal variation of the chemical structure by incorporation of halogens such as chlorine into the aryl(hetaryl) moiety led to a commercial fungicide (2), herbicide (4) and insecticide (6). 

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