Functional groups naming compounds with more than

How do we name compounds with more than one functional group ... 

The terms used above for the substances that are actually considered as vitamins are trivial names, mostly group names, used for more than one derivative of a compound with similar biological activity. The function of vitamins in cell metabolism is just as varied as their chemical constitution. By virtue of their lipid solubility, fat-soluble vitamins generally affect physicochemical properties in various cell membranes. Furthermore, they act at the gene level as inductors of protein biosynthesis and as redox agents. The water-soluble vitamins act in many ways as coenzymes and thus enable the catalytic function of hundreds of enzymes. 

The common method of naming aldehydes corresponds very closely to that of the related acids (see Carboxylic acids), in that the term aldehyde is added to the base name of the acid. For example, formaldehyde (qv) comes from formic acid, acetaldehyde (qv) from acetic acid, and butyraldehyde (qv) from butyric acid. If the compound contains more than two aldehyde groups, or is cycHc, the name is formed using carbaldehyde to indicate the functionaUty. The lUPAC system of aldehyde nomenclature drops the final e from the name of the parent acycHc hydrocarbon and adds al If two aldehyde functional groups are present, the suffix -dialis used. The prefix formjlis used with polyfunctional compounds. Examples of nomenclature types are shown in Table 1. 

Radicofunctional Nomenclature. The procedures of radicofunctional nomenclature are identical with those of substitutive nomenclature except that suffixes are never used. Instead, the functional class name (Table 1.9) of the compound is expressed as one word and the remainder of the molecule as another that precedes the class name. When the functional class name refers to a characteristic group that is bivalent, the two radicals attached to it are each named, and when different, they are written as separate words arranged in alphabetical order. When a compound contains more than one kind of group listed in Table 1.9, that kind is cited as the functional group or class name that occurs higher in the table, all others being expressed as prefixes. 

Methyl 4-cyanobcn7oate (In a complex compound like this, with more than one functional group, the —CN is named as a substituent group, a cyano group, attached to the root in the same manner as a halogen.)... 

The Jaccard similarity coefficient is then computed with eq. (30.13), where m is now the number of attributes for which one of the two objects has a value of 1. This similarity measure is sometimes called the Tanimoto similarity. The Tanimoto similarity has been used in combinatorial chemistry to describe the similarity of compounds, e.g. based on the functional groups they have in common [9]. Unfortunately, the names of similarity coefficients are not standard, so that it can happen that the same name is given to different similarity measures or more than one name is given to a certain similarity measure. This is the case for the Tanimoto coefficient (see further). 

The variation of the chemical structures in both Type I and Type II compounds results from differences in both biosynthetic enzyme systems and their starting material. This topic, however, has been judiciously described in the chapter by R. Jurenka. While the grouping employed in this chapter is based on biosynthetic origin, some chemicals were involuntarily classified considering their functional groups more sizably than the origin. Incidentally, taxonomic information is important for insect pheromone research. In this chapter, the family name (with the common suffix -idae) is associated with the species name. For those species whose family name is not listed in Figs. 1 and 2, the superfamily name (with the common suffix -oidea) is associated. The subfamily name (with the common suffix -inae) is also described for the species in Tor-tricidae, Pyralidae, and Noctuidae. 

This chapter begins where Chapter 5 left off and considers the nomenclature, physical properties, natural occurrences, and uses of the principal functional groups that were not discussed in Chapter 5. The nomenclature rules are extensions of those in Chapter 5, with different suffixes for the new functional groups. We will also see how compounds that have more than one functional group are named. 

After consulting these three single-volume references, one would turn to more comprehensive multivolume sources such as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition. This dictionary, still known as Heilbron, the name of its former editor, now comprises seven volumes of specific information, with primary literature references, on the synthesis, reactions, and derivatives of more than 50,000 compounds. Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, another valuable multivolume work with primary literature references, is organized by functional group rather than in dictionary form. Elsevier s Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds in about twenty volumes is an incomplete reference work on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is useful for those areas it covers. References to Elsevier are found in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

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