Sliding tests

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory slide test (VDRL) for syphilis... 

These observations were taken further by examining whether y-interferon treatment could up-regulate NADPH oxidase function in CGD neutrophils and monocytes. It was found that 12 out of 13 patients with autosomal recessive CGD had increased oxidase activity upon y-interferon exposure the only patient not responding was the one devoid of the b cytochrome. In X-linked CGD, 9 of 13 showed no improvement, whereas 3 showed some improvement and 1 had oxidase activity increased to near-normal levels. Patients with atypical X-linked CGD (i.e. low oxidase activity and some cytochrome b) appear to respond best to y-interferon treatment. Interferons-a and -ft are without affect. This enhancement of oxidase function (detected by NBT slide tests and O2 production) is due, at least in part, to increased levels of mRNA for the heavy chain of cytochrome b. In the absence of y-interferon treatment, monocyte-derived macrophages have extremely low or undetectable levels of mRNA for the cytochrome b heavy chain however, this is increased about fivefold (to about 5% of normal) after y-interferon treatment. 

Borregaard, N., Cross, A. R., Herlin, T., Jones, O. T. G., Segal, A. W., Valerius, N. H. (1983). A variant form of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease with normal nitro-blue tetrazolium slide test and cytochrome b. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 13,243-7. 

Recently, we adapted the Ortbo Clinical Diagnostics lipase slide test [29], a dry chemistry test system used in clinical biochemistry to measure the lipase activity in human serum for the determination of the lipase activity in pancreatic extracts. The substrate, l-oleyl-2,J diacetylglyceral, and the ancillary reagents are fixed in a multilayered film (Fig, 7). Upon addition of a lipase solution, die insoluble substrate becomes emulsified... 

TB samples Healthy controls Conventional slide test... 

E253 Ektachem Creatinine Single-Slide Test Methodology, MP2-49 (1986). 

Figure 7 Reaction proceedings in the Ortho Clinical Diagnostics lipase slide test. l-01eyl-2,3-diacetylglycerol serves as an artificial substrate for lipase.

Figure 28. Surface of silicon nitride materials after oscillating sliding tests.

Reciprocating sliding test system (UEIDEN Co. Ltd) ESCALAB MK II (x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS) (Thermo VG), Microlab350 (Auger Electron Spectroscopy AES) (thermo VG)... 

The sliding test results in a loss of material of the disc probe because of, mainly, the friction in the Pin-Disc interface. This loss can be evaluated by determining the volume variation. Ti6A14V samples loss of volume (Vp) can be evaluated by the measurement of the probe mass before and after the wear test, making use of ASTM G99-04 standard [8]. Figure 4 plots the Vp values... 

Another major source of apparent reversion is the transfer of hydrophobic material to the jmlymer surface fi om the storage material used after plasma treatment. Polyethylene bags are particularly bad for this form of recontaminatioa Storage materials must be very carefully tested, using something like the microscope slide test, to be sure that these materials are not recontaminating the surface of the plasma treated polymer. 

It must be emphasized again that the reciprocating-sliding test is equivalent to fatigue (or oscillating) deformation, which is the subject of this chapter. 

Since Suskind (1955) introduced the slide test to evaluate BCs in the 1950s, much effort has been undertaken to develop valid methods to evaluate the benefit of BCs. Besides various in vitro methods (Boman et al. 1982 Loden 1986 Tronnier 1993 Treffel et al. 1994 Zhai and Maibach 1996a), non-invasive biophysical measurements have achieved great importance, especially for clinically weak reactions (Mahmoud et al. 1984 Mahmoud and Lachapelle 1985 ... 

As mentioned above, tribofiims form from oil additives on sliding steel surfaces during sliding tests conducted in engine oil. In the research laboratory, MoDTC/ZDDP and... 

Takahashi et al obtained the impulsive pressure coefficient ai by reanalyzing the results of comprehensive sliding tests, being a nondimensional value representing the impulsive pressure component, which should be regarded as an additional effect to the slowly varying pressure component. The effect of the dynamic (impulsive) pressure indicated by 0 2 in Goda s formula does not under all conditions accurately estimate the effective pressure (equivalent static pressure) due to impulsive pressure, and therefore, ai was introduced. 

The total mass loss, W, can be determined at the end of a sliding test by some ex situ technique hke surface profilometiy or gravimetry. That total mass loss can be compared to the electrochemical mass loss under shding, C, from the equation ... 

It is clear that in continuous sliding tests. Equation (21) is still valid but toff is zero. Such an approach can thus result in a protocol that provides information on the evolution of the surface with testing time, and the identification of the resulting mechanisms of material loss and surface degradation (Pourbaix, 1974). 

Parameters linked to the sliding tests need to be selected by considering the following recommendations. The normal force, Fn the normal force should be selected so as to... 

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