Fumaric acid, hydrolysis product

Hydrolysis of the 2-thioethers is easily accomplished by acid treatment, but the ring collapses and the product is a mixture of the dialdehydes corresponding to maleic and fumaric acids.202 Heating 2-furyl allyl thioethers at only 70 C induces a thio-Claisen rearrangement to the 3-position as expected203 the reaction is first order with an activation energy of96 kJ/mol. 

Geissman and Waiss (i<3 )have effected the first stereospecific synthesis of retronecine (CXLIV in 1) by a series of reactions which is shown in Chart I. Ethyl A-carbethoxy-3-aminopropionate (LI) was added to diethyl fumarate and the product ring-closed to the pyrrolidone, LII, which on hydrolysis and reduction yielded the required 3-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid lactone (LIII). Reaction of this lactone with ethyl bromoacetate gave the A-acetic ester, LIV which by ring closure... 

Thus far, EMRs have been successfully used with macromolecular substrates, as for the saccharification of cellulose11-13 15 26 and protein hydrolysis,19 or with low molecular weight substrates, as for cellobiose hydrolysis9 and L-malic acid production from fumaric acid.20 Bench and large scale plants are already in operation for the preparation of N-acetyl-D,L derivatives from L-amino acids by means of acylase and the production of L-malic acid from fumaric acid by means of fumarase.20 In the case of fumarase, conversions of up to 86% with resolution rates of up to 85% have been attained. 

Hydrolysis of fumaric acid to UF capillary membrane Production of food... 

Poly(propylene fnmarate) (PPF) is an unsaturated linear polyester which degrades via bulk hydrolysis. The products of its degradation are propylene glycol, poly(acrylic acid-fumaric acid), and fumaric acid which occur naturally as part of the Krebs cycle. ... 

Homoserine also has been detected in filtrates of liver preparations incubated with methionine. Cantoni provisionally identified homoserine as a product of the acid hydrolysis of active methionine (S-adeno-sylmethionine). Beyond homoserine, the postulated reactions 2 and 3 are still more speculative. It might be presumed that homoserine is oxidized to aspartic acid, in analogy to the observations on the catabolism of lysine, in which the analogous a-amino adipic acid is an intermediate. If aspartic acid is formed, the subsequent reaction sequence is readily apparent. Evidence favorable to the proposed reaction pathway is the finding of Marshall and Friedberg, of the occurrence of a small amount of fumaric acid, labeled in the methine carbons, from the livers of mice injected with DL-methionine-2-C. ... 

Salts and organic by-products, mostly the diol resulting from hydrolysis of the epoxide, from dry cationization are left in the starch. Trimethylamine, if formed, can be detected by its odor. It can be neutralized by subsequent addition of acid. Addition of a slightly soluble organic acid, such as fumaric or adipic acid, during the cationization both eliminates the odor and aids scale control in starch cooking equipment.44... 

Anthracene reacts with methyl fumarate to give a product that on hydrolysis yields K, a dicarboxylic acid of formula C18H14O4. (c) Compare the structures of J and K. Hint Sec Problem 8, p. 880.)... 

Historically, L-aspartic acid was produced by hydrolysis of asparagine, isolated from protein hydrolysates, or by the resolution of chemically synthesized d,l-aspartate. With the discovery of aspartase (L-aspartatc ammonia lyase. Enzyme Commission [EC] 4.3.1.1) [5] fermentation routes to L-aspartic acid quickly superseded the initial chemical methods. After further characterization, enzymatic routes to the production aspartic acid from ammonium fumarate using aspartase 317... 

Hydrazine salts have been prepared by the action of hypochlorites on ammonia (1) or urea (2) by the hydrolysis of salts of sulfohydrazimethylene disiilfonic acid (3) by the hydrolysis of triazoacetic acid (4) by the reduction of diazoacetic ester (5) by the reduction of nitroguanidine followed by hydrolysis (6) by the reduction of the nitroso derivatives of hexamethylene tetramine (7) by the reduction of nitrates or nitrites with zinc in neutral solution (8) by the action of sodium bisulfite on hyponitrous acid followed by reduction (9) by the reduction of K2S03N202 (10) by the action of ammonia on dichlorourea (11) by the reduction of nitrosoparaldimin (12) by the action of copper sulfate on ammonia at high temperatures (13) by the reduction of methylene diisonitrosoamine (14) by the hydrolysis of the addition product of diazoacetic ester and fumaric or cinnamic esters (15). 

Poly(a-hydroxy acids), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), and their copolymers Perhaps the most heavily researched types of synthetic biopolymers are PLA, PGA, their copolymers PLGA, PCL, poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), and PHB (Seal et al., 2001). The poly(a-hydroxy acids), including PLA and PGA are broken down to their monomeric units lactic acid and glycolic acid through hydrolysis of the ester bonds in their backbones. These breakdown products are then simply cleared by natural metabolic pathways. To maintain the hydrolytic stability of the ester bond as well... 

Fumarylacetoacetate is split to fumarate and acetoacetate by an enzyme that was known previously to hydrolyze diketo acids. It has been called acylpyruvase, triacetic acid hydrolyzing enzyme, and /J-diketonase. Since both the rate of hydrolysis of fumarylacetoacetate and its affinity for the enzyme exceed those of other substrates there is some justification for the name fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. The irreversible action of this enzyme results in the formation of products that are metabolized by the systems previously described for fatty acid oxidation and the Krebs cycle. 

---