Fumaric acid epoxide

Unsaturated maleic/fumaric acid-containing polyesters (UPEs) dissolved in styrene, (2) acrylate/methacrylate systems, (3) thiol/ene systems, and (4) epoxide- or vinyl ether-containing systems. In the case of systems (l)-(3), free radical polymerizations are operative, while in case (4) cationic species are involved (see Chapter 10). Regarding thiol/ene systems, the mechanism of free radical thiol/aUcene polymerization outlined in Scheme 11.1 is assumed to be operative... 

PP poly(propylene), PS poly(styrene), MAH maleic anhydride, MA methacrylic acid, S styrene, PE poly(ethylene), PPE poly(phenylene ether), LDPE low-density PE, EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, SAN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, EPR ethylene-propylene copolymer, NMAC A -methacrylyl caprolactam, GMA glycidyl methacrylate, FA fumaric acid, AEFO anhydride and epoxide functionalized olefin copolymer, SEBS styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer, HDPE high-density PE, AN acrylonitrile, and S-MAH-MMA styrene-maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate copolymer. 

Epoxidation of fumaric acid can be achieved by using ozone in water at neutral pH in quantitative yield. 

D3 BISPHENOL-A, EPOXIDE, VINYL CYNATE ESTER FUMARIC ACID BASED... 

A convenient alternative is to use the aqueous oxone-acetone system, buffering the reaction with NaHCOa [32]. Excellent yields of a,p-epoxyacids are obtained at 24-27°C in 2-3 h. By using oxone in water only at neutral pH, fumaric acid is epoxidized quantitatively but requires a long reaction time [15]. 

With regard to the use of tungsten-based systems, Payne and Williams reported on the selective epoxidation of maleic, fumaric, and crotonic acids with a catalytic amount of sodium tungstate (2mol%) in combination with aqueous hydrogen... 

Salts and organic by-products, mostly the diol resulting from hydrolysis of the epoxide, from dry cationization are left in the starch. Trimethylamine, if formed, can be detected by its odor. It can be neutralized by subsequent addition of acid. Addition of a slightly soluble organic acid, such as fumaric or adipic acid, during the cationization both eliminates the odor and aids scale control in starch cooking equipment.44... 

Payne and Williams found that maleic, fumaric, and crotonic acid are very resistant to attack by peracetic or perbenzoic acid but are converted into their epoxides in yields of 77, 50, and 50% by hydrogen peroxide-sodium tungstate at pH 4-5.5. Addition of the peroxide initiates an exothermal reaction which is... 

Applications of chirally modified titanium Lewis acids have been reported most cases use various acetal diols derived from tartrate as the chiral auxiliary26 33,31 90. Various methods of catalyst preparation are known, as well as the use of different types of dienes (open-chained, cyclopentadiene) and dienophiles (acroleins, acrylates, crotonates, fumarates and amides derived from oxazolidinone), including intramolecular cycloaddition30. Addition of 4 A molecular sieves can improve asymmetric induction31,34 (as observed with the Sharpless epoxidation, loc. cit 31 in ref 6) and shows remarkable solvent effects on enantioselectivity. This method has been applied to the asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene and open-chain dienes to acrylamides28, 35. 

Based on kinetic studies, a probable ionic mechanism has been proposed for the phosphotungstic acid-catalysed epoxidation of diethyl fumarate and methyl crotonate with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. ... 

Halogenation, maleic acid derivatives, 60 Hammett equation, 138, 139 Hammett sigma values, 372 Hantzsch ester hyrogen donor, 43 MA reduction, 43 Heat of copolymerization MA-allyl chloride pair, 405 MA-yV-butyl vinyl ether pair, 405 MA-isopropenyl acetate pair, 333 MA-a-methylstyrene pair, 404, 405 MA-styrene pair, 404, 405 MA-vinyl acetate pair, 333, 405 polyester-styrene mixtures, 487 vinyl acetate with maleates and fumarates, 333 Heat of polymerization MA-epoxide reactions, 482 MA monomer, 244... 

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