Epoxidation acids

This method has been made more general by use of modern reagents low temperatures and the strong hindered base i-Pr NLi allow the deprotonation of many nitriles and their capture by a variety of epoxides. Acid hydrolysis gives lactones,... 

Ester-R Anhydride Acetal Amide Epoxide Acid halide Primary amine Primary imine Cyano... 

Carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, ether, alcohol, ester, ester-R (the chain attached to the oxygen atom being a generic substituent), anhydride, acetal, amide, epoxide, acid halyde, primary amine, primary imine, cyano, secondary amine, secondary imine, tertiary amine, nitro derivative, metal-1, metal-2, carbene, halo derivative. 

I n contrast to the relative simplicity of the chromyl chloride oxidation of 2,2-disubstituted-l-alkenes to aldehydes, the rlimmyl acetate and chromic acid oxidations generally lead to epoxides, acids, and carbon-carbon double bond cleavage. For example, chromyl acetate oxidizes 4,4-dimethyl-2-neopentyl-I pentene primarily to l,2-epoxy-4,4-dimethyl-2-neopentyl-pentane in low yield,9 and chromic acid oxidizes the alkene principally to 4,4-dimethyl-2-neopentylpentanoic acid.6,10... 

It is advisable that the epoxide resin/hardener component has high Tg. A crosslinked IPN was obtained e.g. from epoxynovolak resin, pyromellitic dianhydride, triethanolamine (epoxide — acid anhydride reaction catalyst), BPA/DC and Zn acetate (cyclo-trimerization catalyst) [78],... 

If no separation is observed on Chiralpak AD, the Chiralpak AS column should be tested. It has proven to be particularly appropriate for P-lactams, glycidol derivatives, epoxides, acids, natural products, and heterocyclic compounds with a chiral centre clo.se to the ring. 

Reactions of organolithium and Grignard reagents, such as RLi, RC=CLi, RMgX, and RC=CMgX, with aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, acid halides, and nitriles... 

In the non-catalyzed anhydride cured epoxy reaction, Tanaka and Kakiuchi (5, 6) found that the reaction rate was proportional to the concentration of epoxide, acid anhydride, and hydroxyl compound, suggesting a termolecular transition state for the rate determining step. 

Marshall and Ruden have reported a stereoselective synthesis of nootkatone (298) in which the keto-ester (299) was annelated with tmns-pent-3-en-2-one to give the bicyclic keto-ester (300). The ethylidene moiety was converted to the 7 -acetyl group by epoxidation, acid-catalysed rearrangement, and basic equilibration. After bis-ketalisation of the diketo-ester (301) the carbomethyoxy-group was converted to the 5a-methyl group in three steps and a subsequent Wittig reaction yielded racemic nootkatone (298). An earlier synthesis of noot-... 

Epoxide Acid Solvent syn-Adduct % anti-Adduct % products... 

Many side-reactions such as hydrolysis of labile groups (e.g., epoxides, acid anhydrides [22]), polymerization of quinones [17], racemization of cyanohydrins [23], or acyl migration [24] are water-dependent and are therefore largely suppressed in an organic medium. 

No. Epoxide Acid Solvent Catalyst Temperature Range (°C) ... 

The competition experiments [1] of a mixture of hexanal and 2-heptanone reveal the preferential reduction of aldehyde of over 85% (ktexanai/ iepatanone = 27) Cyclohexanone undergoes reduction at a faster rate than does cyclopentanone by a factor of 3.2. Cyclopentene is hydroborated with total exclusion of an ester, an acid, and an epoxide. Acid chlorides are reduced, quantitatively, without any significant attack on the esters (<2%). 

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