Fullerene properties

H. O. Pierson, Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes Properties, Processing and Applications, ed. R. F. Bunshah, G. E. McGuire, and S. M. Rossnagel, Noyes Publications, 1993. 

The affinity of Cgo towards carbon nucleophiles has been used to synthesize polymer-bound Cgo [120] as well as surface-bound Cjq [121]. Polymers involving G q [54, 68, 69] are of considerable interest as (1) the fullerene properties can be combined with those of specific polymers, (2) suitable fullerene polymers should be spin-coatable, solvent-castable or melt-extrudable and (3) fullerene-containing polymers as well as surface-bound Cgo layers are expected to have remarkable electronic, magnetic, mechanical, optical or catalytic properties [54]. Some prototypes of polymers or solids containing the covalently bound Cjq moiety are possible (Figure 3.11) [68,122] fullerene pendant systems la with Cjq on the side chain of a polymer (on-chain type or charm bracelet ) [123] or on the surface of a solid Ib [121], in-chain polymers II with the fullerene as a part of the main chain ( pearl necklace ) [123], dendritic systems III, starburst or cross-link type IV or end-chain type polymers V that are terminated by a fullerene unit For III and IV, one-, two-and three-dimensional variants can be considered. In addition, combinations of all of these types are possible. 

As pointed out by Diederich [77] it is important to investigate fullerene properties as a fimction of addition pattern and the nature of the addend. Various pronoimced correlations and trends can be deduced. In general, with increasing reduchon in the conjugated fullerene re-chromophore, (1) the HOMO-LUMO gap increases ... 

Cataldo F (2003) Fullerane, the hydrogenated C-60 fullerene Properties and astrochemical considerations. Fullerenes Nanot Carbon Nanostruct 11 295-316... 

This efficient method for the fabrication of almost perfect and uniformly shaped nanotubular crystals, which order spontaneously by a process of self-assembly, opens a simple route to exploitation of the fullerene properties at the nanometer scale. 

The principal component analysis of the structural parameters, supported by the cluster analysis, classified fullerenes into five groups. The periodic table of fullerenes was built on the structural parameters, the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis. The conclusion reached by Torrens is that the preriodicity of fullerene properties is not general. Torrens168 171 also studied the periodic properties of carbon nanotubes as well. 

Cataldo, F. Fullerane, the hydrogenated fullerene properties and astrochemi-cal considerations. Fullerenes Nano tubes and Carbon Nanostructures 2003, II, 295-316. 

The covalent chemistry of fullerenes has developed very rapidly in the past decade in an effort to modify fullerene properties for a number of applications such as photovoltaic cells, infrared detectors, optical limiting devices, chemical gas sensors, three-dimensional electroactive polymers, and molecular wires [8, 25, 26, 80-82]. Systematic studies of the redox properties of Cco derivatives have played a crucial role in the characterization of their unique electronic properties, which lie at the center of these potential applications. Furthermore, electrochemical techniques have been used to synthesize and separate new fullerene derivatives and their isomers as well as to prepare fullerene containing thin films and polymers. In this section, to facilitate discussion of their redox properties, Cgo derivatives have been classified in three groups on the basis of the type of attachment of the addend to the fullerene. In group one, the addends are attached via single bonds to the Ceo surface as shown in Fig. 6(a) and are referred to as singly bonded June-tionalized derivatives. The group includes... 

The range of potential applications of fuUerenes and fullerene derivatives in materisds science is becoming broader in virtue of the increased number of derivatives that are continuously produced. New opportunities arise from the combination of the fullerene properties with those of other classes of materials, such as polymers, electro- or photoactive imits, liquid crystals, etc. In this article we wiU review the most recent achievements in this field. 

The synthesis of fullerene-containing polymers is noteworthy for several reasons. On the one hand, once Cgg is attached to a polymer, most of the fullerene properties are transferred to the polymer. Thus, for instance, electroactive and photoactive polymers or polymers with nonlinear optical properties can be prepared. On the other hand, hardly processible fullerenes embedded in highly soluble polymers may become more easily amenable to further treatments. The resulting materials might eventually be used for surface coating, photoconducting devices, or to create new molecular networks. 

In a very elegant approach, Okamura et al. attached Cgo to a range of styrene polymers with different molecular weights (from 1000 to 10,000) [32]. The attachment was provided by 1,4-radical addition to Cgg, producing narrow-dispersity polystyryl adducts (Scheme 3). The electrochemical and ground state absorption properties of the polymers were identical to those of a low-mass, fully characterized model (Scheme 3). This indicates that the reported procedure is useful for the preparation of high-mass polymers, with retained fullerene properties. 

The miscibility of different Cgo-containing polystyrenes with other polymers was studied in attempts to transfer the fullerene properties to the resulting polymer blends [71]. It was found that poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide), PPO, is miscible with all the PS/Cgo samples investigated, whereas in the case of poly (vinyl methyl ether), PVME, PS/Cgo samples were miscible only for lower contents of Cgo [71]. 

Pierson, H. O. Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes. Properties, processing and applications. New Jersey, USA Noyes Publications (1993). 

Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes properties, processing, and applications / by Hugh O. Pierson, p. cm. 

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