Fullerene chemical properties

The scope of tire following article is to survey the physical and chemical properties of tire tliird modification of carbon, namely [60]fullerene and its higher analogues. The entluisiasm tliat was triggered by tliese spherical carbon allotropes resulted in an epidemic-like number of publications in tire early to mid-1990s. In more recent years tire field of fullerene chemistry is, however, dominated by tire organic functionalization of tire highly reactive fullerene... 

Of all the fullerene forms, the nearly spherical properties of C o have attracted the greatest attention, especially in the field of bioconjugation. In addition to its physical properties, C o fullerenes have unique photo-optical and electro-chemical properties, which make them useful as carriers for biomedical research applications. For instance, upon exposure to light C o will generate singlet oxygen, which can be used in vivo to cleave biological molecules, particularly DNA and RNA. Studies indicate that irradiation of Cgo in solution can be used to destroy virus contamination (Kasermann and Kempf, 1997). Solutions of Buckminsterfullerene are a deep purple color, whereas other sizes of fullerenes display a variety of other colors. 

The hollowness of C60 and other fullerenes has tempted many to encapsulate one or more elements to change the physical and chemical properties of... 

Another early suggestion was that some of the fullerene carbon atoms could be replaced by another element such as nitrogen or boron.1811 Such heterofullerenes are envisaged to have strongly altered chemical properties in comparison to the all-carbon structures.1811 For example, as the substitution number of an electronegative element such... 

Chlorine (Cl), 6 130-211 9 280. See also Inorganic chlorine XeCl laser addition to fullerene, 12 240-241 analytical methods, 6 202 bleaching agent, 4 50 capacities of facilities, 6 193-198t catalyst poison, 5 257t chemical properties, 6 133-138 diffusion coefficient for dilute gas in water at 20° C, l 67t diffusion coefficient in air at 0° C, l 70t for disinfection, 8 605 economic aspects, 6 188-202 electrolytic preparation/production of, 12 759 16 40 end uses, 6 134-135 in fused quartz manufacture, 22 413 generating from hydrogen chloride, 13 833... 

V.I. Sokolov, I.V. Stankevich. Fullerenes - new allotropic forms of carbon structure, electron structure and chemical properties. // Success in chemistry, 1993, v.62, N°5, p.455-473. 

Nanocarbon structures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, are characterized by their weak interphase interaction with host matrices (polymer, ceramic, metals) when fabricating composites [99,100]. In addition to their characteristic high surface area and high chemical inertness, this fact turns these carbon nanostructures into materials that are very difficult to disperse in a given matrix. However, uniform dispersion and improved nanotube/matrix interactions are necessary to increase the mechanical, physical and chemical properties as well as biocompatibility of the composites [101,102]. 

Addition reactions have the largest synthetic potential in fullerene chemistry. They also serve as a probe for screening the chemical properties of fullerene surfaces. 

In analogy to olefins, Cjq undergoes a broad variety of cycloadditions (see Chapter 4 and Scheme 14.3). In many cases cycloadducts of Cjq exhibit the same stability as the corresponding non-fullerene based adducts. These reactions are very useful for the introduction of fimctionat groups. Among the most important cycloadditions are [4-1-2] cycloadditions such as Diels-Alder and hetero-Diels-Alder reactions, where Cjq reacts always as dienophile, [3-1-2] cycloadditions with 1,3 dipoles, thermal or photochemical [2-1-2] cycloadditions, [2-t-l] cycloadditions and others, for example, [8-1-2] cycloadditions. Among these general reactions several examples deserve special attention, since they reflect characteristic chemical properties of Cjq [36] ... 

Due to their unique electronic and chemical properties fullerenes have a tremendous potential as building blocks for molecular engineering, new molecular materials and supramolecular chemistry [54, 133], Many examples of fullerene derivatives (Section 14.1), which are promising candidates for nanotechnological or medical applications, have been synthesized already and even more exciting developments are expected. A detailed description of the potential of fullerene derivatives for technological applications would require an extra monograph. Since this book focuses on the chemical properties and the synthetic potential of fullerenes only a few concepts for fullerene based materials will be briefly presented. 

The physical-chemical properties of a synthetic gallophosphate molecular sieve, the 30-A supercage cloverite , have been assessed [18]. Instead of attempting to list the burgeoning number of fullerene publications, attention is drawn to the formation and characterization of fullerene-like nanocrystals of tungsten disulfide [19,20]. Preparation, characterization and utilization of carbon nanotubes have been the subject of a number of reports from several laboratories [21-27]. 

V. S. Kuck (eds.), Fullerenes Synthesis, Properties, and Chemistry of Large Carbon Clusters, ACS Symp. Ser. 481, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1992 H. W. Kroto and D. R. M. Walton (eds.), Fullerenes New Horizons for the Chemistry, Physics, and Astrophysics of Carbon. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993 H. W. Kroto (ed.), Fullerenes. Pergamon/Elsevier, London, 1993 A. Hirsch, The Chemistry of the Fullerenes. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1993 H. Aldersley-Williams, The Most Beautiful Molecule Discovery of the Buckyball. Wiley, New York, 1995. 

G. Hammond and V. J. Kuck (Eds.), Fullerenes Synthesis, Properties, and Chemistry of Large Carbon Clusters, ACS Symposium Series 481, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Haufler, R. E. et al. 1991 Carbon arc generation of C60. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 206, 627-638. Heath, J. R. 1991 Synthesis of C60 from small carbon clusters a model based on experiment and theory. In Fullerenes synthesis, properties, and chemistry of large carbon clusters (ACS Symp. Ser., no. 481) (ed. G. S. Hammond V. J. Kuck), pp. 1-23. Washington, D.C. American Chemical... 

The discovery of fullerenes [29-34] and features of their formation, structure, and physical and chemical properties are of great scientific interest. Fullerenes... 

New carbon compounds, namely, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMF.v) are promising building blocks to be used in the design of nanosized materials of a new generation. They exhibit unique electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. Now fullerene chemistry is most developed due to that fullerenes are accessible to a wide range of researchers. However, chemical properties of EMFs are very weakly studied because of problems of the synthesis and isolation of pure EMF.v in preparative quantities. 

Since the discovery of fullerenes the scientific community has been taking an active interest in peculiarities of the fullerene formation and structure, physical and chemical properties. The fourth allotropic modification of carbon (fullerene) is unique molecule having a spatial structure with icosahedral symmetry and showing distinctive properties in interaction with other substances. Under certain conditions fullerenes can accept and donate hydrogen atoms to form hydrofullerenes. 

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