Chemical properties of fullerenes

Addition reactions have the largest synthetic potential in fullerene chemistry. They also serve as a probe for screening the chemical properties of fullerene surfaces. 

Addition reactions contain the largest synthetic potential in fullerene chemistry but they can also be used as a probe for screening the chemical properties of fullerene surfaces. Analysis of the nature of addition reactions, of geometric and electronic structures of educts and products allows one to deduce reactivity principles which are the central subject of this article. One striking conclusion is the following the fullerenes drew attention to a mostly overlooked chemistry criterion - the shape dependence of reactivity. This contribution focuses on the reactivity principles of Cgg as the most important and most intensively investigated fullerene. The addition chemistry of the higher fullerenes follows similar principles. 

Chemical Properties of Fullerenes. One of the most relevant facts in the chemical behavior of fullerenes appears to be their relatively high electron affinity. This property does indeed give rise to a series of reactions thus resulting in the modification and functionalization of the clusters. Reduction, nucleophilic and... 

The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance for basket 40, calculated by the above-mentioned descriptors, proved comparable to that previously observed for some amphiphilic C60 fullerene derivatives in the same solvent system. A particular similarity was found with a fulleropyrrolidine functionalized with a hydrophilic pendant [51]. Such similarity suggests that if the C60 fullerene sphere was accommodated inside the hydrophobic cage of a resorc[4]arene, a reversible manipulation of the chemical properties of fullerenes could take place, which might have an interesting impact on the wide field of applications of fullerenes, such as materials technology, microelectronics, biology, and medicinal chemistry [52, 53]. 

The scope of tire following article is to survey the physical and chemical properties of tire tliird modification of carbon, namely [60]fullerene and its higher analogues. The entluisiasm tliat was triggered by tliese spherical carbon allotropes resulted in an epidemic-like number of publications in tire early to mid-1990s. In more recent years tire field of fullerene chemistry is, however, dominated by tire organic functionalization of tire highly reactive fullerene... 

The hollowness of C60 and other fullerenes has tempted many to encapsulate one or more elements to change the physical and chemical properties of... 

In analogy to olefins, Cjq undergoes a broad variety of cycloadditions (see Chapter 4 and Scheme 14.3). In many cases cycloadducts of Cjq exhibit the same stability as the corresponding non-fullerene based adducts. These reactions are very useful for the introduction of fimctionat groups. Among the most important cycloadditions are [4-1-2] cycloadditions such as Diels-Alder and hetero-Diels-Alder reactions, where Cjq reacts always as dienophile, [3-1-2] cycloadditions with 1,3 dipoles, thermal or photochemical [2-1-2] cycloadditions, [2-t-l] cycloadditions and others, for example, [8-1-2] cycloadditions. Among these general reactions several examples deserve special attention, since they reflect characteristic chemical properties of Cjq [36] ... 

It is therefore the right time to give a first comprehensive overview of fullerene chemistry, which is the aim of this book. This summary addresses chemists, material scientists and a broad readership in industry and the scientific community. The number of publications in this field meanwhile gains such dimensions that for nonspecialists it is very difficult to obtain a facile access to the topics of interest. In this book, which contains the complete important literature, the reader will find all aspects of fullerene chemistry as well as the properties of fullerene derivatives. After a short description of the discovery of the fullerenes all methods of the production and isolation of the parent fullerenes and endohedrals are discussed in detail (Chapter 1). In this first chapter the mechanism of the fullerene formation, the physical properties, for example the molecular structure, the thermodynamic, electronic and spectroscopic properties as well as solubilities are also summarized. This knowledge is necessary to understand the chemical behavior of the fullerenes. 

The physical-chemical properties of a synthetic gallophosphate molecular sieve, the 30-A supercage cloverite , have been assessed [18]. Instead of attempting to list the burgeoning number of fullerene publications, attention is drawn to the formation and characterization of fullerene-like nanocrystals of tungsten disulfide [19,20]. Preparation, characterization and utilization of carbon nanotubes have been the subject of a number of reports from several laboratories [21-27]. 

The following rules of reactivity that are based on these properties can be deduced from the results obtained by the chemical transformation of fullerenes. 

New carbon compounds, namely, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMF.v) are promising building blocks to be used in the design of nanosized materials of a new generation. They exhibit unique electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. Now fullerene chemistry is most developed due to that fullerenes are accessible to a wide range of researchers. However, chemical properties of EMFs are very weakly studied because of problems of the synthesis and isolation of pure EMF.v in preparative quantities. 

Romanova I.P., Yusupova G.G., Larionova O.A., Yakhvarov D.G., Mochul skaya N.N., Sidorova L.P., Zverev V.V., Charushin V.N., Sinyashin O.G. (2005) Synthesis and electrochemical properties of fullerene-containing C6o—acceptor dyads with fluoronitrobenzene and azaheterocycles, Russian Chemical Bulletin, Int. Ed. 54, 660-665. 

Fullerenes and their chemical compounds are perspective materials for application in nanotechnology, spintronics and single-electronics [1], Thus, the search of ways of high-speed, contactless, selective control of electron-optical properties of fullerene-based materials is actual problem. It is well known, that weak magnetic field (MF) with induction B < IT effectively influences electron-optical properties of some organic compounds (for instance, anthracene, tetracene, etc.) [2]. 

An appreciable C60 fullerene solubility is observed in many solvents relating to different classes of organic compounds as evidenced by experimental results. The process of C6o dissolution in solvents of different chemical nature is mainly interpreted in the context of an old based on experience rule the similar dissolves in the similar . Different physical and chemical properties of substances are considered as the similarity factor. 

---