Fuel history

Fuel history (e.g. bumup, reactor power rating during irradiation, residual heat and dates of loading and discharge from the reactor) ... 

The economics of naphthalene recovery from coal tar can vary significantly, depending on the particular processiag operation used. A significant factor is the cost of the coal tar. As the price of fuel oil increases, the value of coal tar also increases. The price history of naphthalene from 1975 to 1993 is given in Table 7. 

Cement Kilns. The use of scrap tires as a supplemental fuel in cement kilns has had a fairly long history in Germany and Japan, where tires have been used for fuel since the early 1970s. Initially, the scrap tires were purchased by kilns for thek fuel value. As the relative cost of other fuels has... 

Trace the history of fuel standards for control of air pollution. 

These costs are now scrutinized and compared with other figures from fuel suppliers, trade associations or allied companies to identify suspected problems. Typical histories can be obtained from the Case Studies Index of the Energy Information Centre in the UK, or any similar body in other countries. 

Li ion batteries are heavily advertised as the future power sources for electric vehicles. This seems premature because the technology of heat management and many questions of safety are not solved. Fuel cells and several types of secondary batteries have a long history in the field of electric vehicle propulsion, with successes and failures. For information on electric vehicle batteries, see [16-22],... 

Microorganisms have been identified and exploited for more than a century. The Babylonians and Sumerians used yeast to prepare alcohol. There is a great history beyond fermentation processes, which explains the applications of microbial processes that resulted in the production of food and beverages. In the mid-nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur understood the role of microorganisms in fermented food, wine, alcohols, beverages, cheese, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products, fuels, and fine chemical industries. He identified many microbial processes and discovered the first principal role of fermentation, which was that microbes required substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites, and end products. 

Other than longer-term supply issues the main driver for moving away from fossil resources is pollution. Since pre-industrial times the level of atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 ppm to 360 ppm, and whilst some observers believe this may be a natural cycle in the Earth s history, most believe it is a direct consequence of burning fossil fuels. This additional CO2 is now thought to be the main cause of global warming via the greenhouse effect (see Box 6.1). 

Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells A Brief History and a Critical Examination of Present Theory and Diagnostics... 

Stuart W. Leslie. Thomas Midgley and the Politics of Industrial Research. The Business History Review. 54 (Winter 1980) 481-503. Source for Midgley s reading deeply GM almost shuts down knock research knocking related to fuel structure Midgley can sit a while unveils CFC and Kinetic Chemicals. 

Alter H (1987) The history of refuse-derived fuels. Resour Conserv 15(4) 251-275... 

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