Fuels and petrochemicals from

Fuels and petrochemicals from CO2 via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis - steady state catalyst activity and selectivity... 

Today, Sasol produces the equivalent of 150,000 barrels per day of fuels and petrochemicals from coal via its indirect liquefaction process. 

The production of asphalt has increased greatly as the amount of crude oil processed has risen to meet growing demands for petroleum fuels and petrochemicals. From 1925 to 1950, the annual rate of production doubled each decade. After 1950, the rate of growth of asphalt production declined. In 1960, the annual rate was 180% that of 1950, and in 1970, the annual rate was 140% that of 1960. 

Production of synthetic hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, for example, has the potential to produce high-value automotive fuels and petrochemicals from fossil and renewable sources. The demand for liquid transportation fuels and petrochemicals worldwide is set to rise significantly in the next 50 years. Today s demand for automotive fuels is met nearly completely by petroleum-based fuels (>97%, lEA, 2004), but this share of petroleum-based fuels can be decreased by applying synthetic hydrocarbon processes. In the petrochemical industry, present day petroleum-based production of base chemicals could be replaced by synthetic hydrocarbon routes. 

These various fractions are processed further into additional products. These value-added operations generally involve chemical transformations often using catalysts. They include cracking, hydrogenation, reforming, isomerization, and polymerization. The main output from these processes is fuels and petrochemicals. 

Over the past decade crystalline microporous materials, in particular zeolites, have continued to find new applications in their traditional areas of use such as catalysis, separation and ion exchange due to their unique physicochemical properties and improved structuring in appropriate morphologies.[1,2,3,4,5] The current impact of molecular sieve materials is significant, with applications ranging from petroleum refining for fuels and petrochemical processes for various chemicals to air separation and nuclear waste management. 

The future society and petrochemical-based industry are faced to energy and resource limitation and environmental problems due to the steadily decreasing availability of fossil fuels. Besides hydro-, wind-, and solar power, the biotechnological production of fuels and chemicals from renewable resources is regarded as key technology to... 

Table 5.5.3 Heat of reaction for selected reactions of fuel and petrochemical manufacturing processes [data from Lange (2001)].

Production of synthetic fuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has the potential to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel oil and petrochemicals from fossil and renewable sources. The availability of cheap natural gas and of coal... 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

Raw petroleum (crude oil) is extracted from underground around the globe in a variety of ways and refined for tens of thousands of applications in our everyday lives. Crude oil is refined into usable petroleum products through several unique processes. Fractional distillation is the process used to efficiently extract or "distill" products that are a mixture of chemicals such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene or may selectively extract pure chemical compounds or petrochemicals such as... 

The search for alternative ways to produce monomers and chemicals from sources other than oil, such as coal, has revived working using Fisher Tropseh technology, which produces in addition to fuels, light olefins, sulfur, phenols, etc. These could he used as feedstocks for petrochemicals as indicated in Chapter 4. 

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