Equivalent fuel values

Examples. Find the fuel values equivalent to 5.00/ MM BTU natural gas. Connect 5.00/MM BTU on the natural gas line with the left-hand focal point. Read the following values along the connecting line, for example  

As another example start with 40/bbl No. 6 Fuel Oil. Connect the point with the focal point. Example equivalencies are  

Leffler, W. L., Fuel Value Nomogram Updated, Oil and Gas Journal, March 31, 1980, p. 150. 

Goossens gives the following summary of heat recovery systems, subdivided by temperature range (in 

300 to 500°C 0.53 to 0.65 Boiler or furnace air preheating. Generation of medium to high pressure steam. Generation of medium to high pressure steam from exothermic heat. Organic Rankine cycle. 

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The oil gas market has a strong influence on the price of utilities. A consistent method for estimating the cost of utilities can be developed based on thermo-chemical calculations and typical efficiency of industrial processes, as power plants, boilers, turbines, refrigeration cycles, etc. Each utility can be related to its equivalent fuel value, as indicated by the Table B2 (Douglas, 1988). Once the cost of fuel known, the price of other utilities can be easily determined. Note that the prices in Table B2 are only for illustration purposes. 

A cane factory generates its own requirements for energy, from burning bagasse to produce electricity one tonne of mill mn bagasse (50% moisture) is equivalent in fuel value, at 3,700 kj /kg (884 kcal/kg), to one barrel (159 L) of fuel oil. An efficient raw sugar or plantation white factory will use 70—80%... 

Wood is one of our most important renewable biomass resources. Unlike most biomass sources, wood is available year round and is more stable on storage than other agricultural residues. In the United States, wood residues from iadustrial by-products totaled 60.8 x 10 metric tons ia 1993 (73). Increasiagly, residues are iacorporated iato manufactured wood products and are used as a fuel, replacing petroleum, especially at wood-iadustry plants (73) some is converted to charcoal but most is used ia the pulp and paper iadustry. Residues are also available for manufacturiag chemicals, generally at a cost equivalent to their fuel value (see Fuels frombiomass Fuels fromwaste). 

Excess Air for Combustion More than the theoretical amount of air is necessary in practice to achieve complete combustion. This excess air is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical air amount. The equivalence ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Equivalence ratio values less than... 

The value of TNT equivalency A value based on an average deduced from observations in major incidents or a safe and conservative value (whether or not dependent on the presence of partial confinement/obstruction and nature of the fuel). 

Coal cost estimated at eight dollars per equivalent fuel oil barrel. (Net heating value of six million British thermal units.)... 

Waste tires make an excellent fuel since they have a fuel value slightly highei than that of coal, about 12,000 to 16,000 Btu per pound. On a national basis, they represent a potential energy source of 0.07 quadrillion Btu per year, since there are roughly 242 million tires discarded per year, each weighing about 20 pounds with 15,000 Btu per pound (42). This is equivalent to 12 million barrels of crude oil and represents about 0.09 percent of the national energy needs. As such, tires compete with other solid fuels-coal, petroleum coke, and wood wastes (hog fuel). 

Burning tdf is often economically attractive for pulp and paper mills. Since their boilers are generally equipped to bum hog fuel, very little equipment modification is necessary to bum tdf. Often the competing fuel for the boiler is hog fuel, which is sometimes more expensive than tdf on a dollars per million Btu basis. For instance, at 30 per ton for wire-free tdf, the equivalent cost per tire consumed is about 0.30. The cost for the same fuel value of hog fuel can be as high as 0.45, when hog fuel is in short supply. If the costs of handling, transportation, and ash... 

Utilization of methanol or DME for petrochemical applications has a much better chance of succeeding, as there is a much higher value added in going from methanol to light olefins. Even when the markets are soft, ethylene and propylene command prices of at least about 400 per tonne, and usually substantially more. Even on a pure fuel value basis, 400 per tonne for ethylene would be equivalent to about 8.00 per giga-Joule, or a very significant value-added markup. 

The fuel value of food is an important concept in nutrition science. The fuel value is generally reported in units of nutritional Calories. One nutritional Calorie is equivalent to one kilocalorie (1000 calories). It is also known as the large Calorie (uppercase C). 

Figure 14.19 (a) Integrated water-gas shift reactor/heat exchanger designed for 5kW fuel cell system, (b) internal temperature profiles determined during operation of this reactor the different profiles correspond to different load (100% load is the 5 kW equivalent). The values shown for 100% load were determined at the fresh reactor (0 h) after 24 h under operation (24 h) and after an accidental exposure to reformate of too low temperature for the... 

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