Technology-induced

Since (S)(-i-)-linalool in amounts up to 8 % may be formed during unusual and extremely prolonged times of hydrodistillation (2 h) it has to be accepted as the maximum from technologically induced partial racemization. Nevertheless (R)(-) linalool remains a reliable indicator of genuine lavender oils, produced under the GMP-conditions of steam distillation. Higher amounts (> 15%) of (S)(-i-) linalool have to be interpreted as an addition of synthetic linalool-racemate. 

In principle, the approach of a TA study can be applied to all areas. If differentiation is according to purpose, which means according to the problem, the technology, or the project, the result is a TA typology which makes a distinction between problem-induced, technology-induced, and... 

Technology-induced TA studies deal with the varied consequential effects of applications of technology. Here society is confronted with possible effects and must decide whether and which of the solutions indicated it will, if necessary, be willing to adopt. 

Probing electric and magnetic fields, and the effects induced by them, is of obvious mterest in many areas of science and technology. We considered earlier the influence of such perturbations in a general fashion in section Bl.5.2.2. Here we describe some related experimental measurements and applications. Electric fields act to break hrversion and thus... 

White cell contamination of a platelet product can induce GvHD. It is beUeved that GvHD can be minimized by a contamination of less than 5 X 10 white cells per therapeutic dose of platelets, ie, 3-5 x 10. Blood cell separation technology is directed toward consistentiy achieving this goal. 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

Extraction. Traditionally tea leaf is extracted with hot water either in columns or ketdes (88,89), although continuous Hquid soHd-type extractors have also been employed. To maintain a relatively low water-to-leaf ratio and achieve full extraction (35—45%), a countercurrent system is commonly used. The volatile aroma components are vacuum-stripped from the extract (90) or steam-distilled from the leaf before extraction (91). The diluted aroma (volatile constituents) is typically concentrated by distillation and retained for davoring products. Technology has been developed to employ enzymatic treatments prior to extraction to increase the yield of soHds (92) and induce cold water solubiUty (93,94). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emerging Technology Summary Easer Induced Photochemical Oxidative destruction of Toxic Organics in Eeachates and Groundwaters, EPA/540/SR-92/080, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1993. 

Solution Deposition of Thin Films. Chemical methods of preparation may also be used for the fabrication of ceramic thin films (qv). MetaHo-organic precursors, notably metal alkoxides (see Alkoxides, metal) and metal carboxylates, are most frequently used for film preparation by sol-gel or metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) solution deposition processes (see Sol-GEL technology). These methods involve dissolution of the precursors in a mutual solvent control of solution characteristics such as viscosity and concentration, film deposition by spin-casting or dip-coating, and heat treatment to remove volatile organic species and induce crystaHhation of the as-deposited amorphous film into the desired stmcture. 

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