Fructose from glucose

Fructose from glucose, sucrose, and salts Organically bound CaY, esterified CaY Water [219-223]... 

The high-fructose com symp (HFCS) industry produces -10 million tons of fructose from glucose annually (how many pounds do you purchase per year ), and this is the major industrial bioengineering processes today, at least in volume. 

Fructose from glucose Glucose from starch Gluconic acid Methane... 

The separation of fructose from glucose illustrates the interaction between the framework structure and the cation (Fig. 5) (50). Ca2+ is known to form complexes with sugar molecules such as fructose. Thus, Ca —Y shows a high selectivity for fructose over glucose. However, Ca—X does not exhibit high selectivity. On the other hand, K—X shows selectivity for glucose over fructose. This polar nature of faujasites and their unique shape-selective properties, more than the molecular-sieving properties, make them most useful as practical adsorbents. 

Polymeric cation-excliange resins are also used in the separation of fructose from glucose. The UOP Sarex process has employed both zeolitic and polymeric resin adsorbents for the production of high fructose com syrup (HFCS). The operating characteristics of these two adsorbents are substantially different and have been compared in terms of fundamental characteristics such as capacity, selectivity, and adsorption kinetics (51). 

Immobilized glucose isomerase is used as a catalyst in producing fructose from glucose in a fixed-bed reactor (water is the solvent). For the system shown in Fig. E2.26a, what percent conversion of glucose results on one pass through the reactor when the exit stream/recycle ratio in moles is equal to 8.33 The reaction is... 

The SMB technology was developed by UOP and its major field of application is in the area of binary separations. For example, SMB has been used in the chemical industry for several separations known as SORBEX processes [1-3], which include, among others, the PAREX process for p-xylene separation from a Cs aromatic fraction [4], the OLEX process for the separation of olefins from paraffins, the SAREX process to separate fructose from glucose [4] and the MOLEX process [5]. Simulated moving bed is being used particularly for separation of enantiomers from racemic mixtures or from the products of enantioselective synthesis [6,7]. It has been used for the production of fine chemicals, and petrochemical intermediates, such as Cg-hydrocarbons [8], food chemistry such as fatty acids [2], or certain sugars from carbohydrate mixtures [8] and protein desalination [9]. 

The acetone-formaldehyde separation would be an example of affinity difference chromatography in which molecules of similar molecular weight or isomers of compounds are separated on the basis of differing attractions or distribution coefficients for the resin. The largest industrial chromatography application of this type is the separation of fructose from glucose to produce 55% or 90% fructose com sweetener,... 

Fructose crystallizes well when pure. It is much more soluble and considerably sweeter than common sugar. It is a physiological sugar in every sense of the word. Now that we have analytical methods capable of distinguishing fructose from glucose certainly, it has been shown that fructose is normally present in human blood (71). In embryonic and newborn infants, the level is much higher than in adults (5). Fructose is also the predominant sugar of seminal fluid and its concentration has an important effect upon the motility of spermatozoa (38). 

That seminal fructose may be formed by the sorbitol pathway was first postulated by Williams-Ashman and Banks (252) on the basis of their studies on the distribution of sorbitol dehydrogenase in various rodent male accessory glands. Shortly afterwards. Hers (253,254) discovered an NADPH-specific aldose reductase that reduced glucose to sorbitol and proposed that the overall synthesis of fructose from glucose occurs according to the following equations ... 

Applications of liquid-phase adsorption include removal of organic compounds from water or organic solutions, colored impurities from organics, and various fermentation products from fermentor effluents. Separations include paraffins from aromatics and fructose from glucose using zeolites. 

Sorbex configuration) utilizes a 5A zeolite adsorbent and light naphtha as desorbent for the separation of linear and branched chain paraffins. Olefins may be separated from saturated hydrocarbon isomers by the Olex process using CaX zeolite as adsorbent and heavy naphtha as desorbent. Separation of fructose from glucose is achieved in the Sarex process using CaY zeolite as adsorbent and water as desorbent. All of these processes are summarized in Table 5.1. 

In the late seventies, a second generation of HFCS became commercially available containing 55 percent fructose on a dry basis. The higher fructose content is achieved by subjecting the 42 percent fructose syrup to a chromatographic separation of fructose from glucose by means of strong cationic resins of... 

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